The Real History of the End of the World (42 page)
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be
Joseph Saracher,
The Doctrine of the Messiah in Medieval Jewish Literature
(New York: Hermon Press, 1968), 37-41.
The Doctrine of the Messiah in Medieval Jewish Literature
(New York: Hermon Press, 1968), 37-41.
bf
Ibid., 59.
bg
“Epistle of Barnabas,” in
Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1, trans
Kirsopp Lake (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912), 349-350.
Apostolic Fathers, vol. 1, trans
Kirsopp Lake (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1912), 349-350.
bh
Julius Africanus, “The Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus,” in
The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 6, rpt. ed.
(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmands, 1997), 134-135.
The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 6, rpt. ed.
(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmands, 1997), 134-135.
bi
It wasn't just the Maya who were obsessed with calendars.
bj
David Cook, “An Early Muslim Daniel Apocalypse,”
Arabica
49, no. 1 (2002): 55-56.
Arabica
49, no. 1 (2002): 55-56.
bk
Carole A. Myscofski, “Messianic Themes in Portuguese and Brazilian Literature in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,”
Luso-Braziliam Review
28, no. 1 (1991): 89.
Luso-Braziliam Review
28, no. 1 (1991): 89.
bl
I. Bernard Cohen and George E Smith, eds.,
The Cambridge Companion to Newton
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 409-421. See also the section “Founders of Modern Science.”
The Cambridge Companion to Newton
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 409-421. See also the section “Founders of Modern Science.”
bm
Trans. and ed. Monica R. Gale (Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books 2009), 38-39.
bn
Helmut Koester,
History, Culture and Religion of the Hellenistic Age
(New York: de Gruyter, 1982), 234-235.
History, Culture and Religion of the Hellenistic Age
(New York: de Gruyter, 1982), 234-235.
bo
Geza Vermes,
The Dead Sea Scrolls in English
(Hammersmith, UK: Penguin Books, 1962), 17.
The Dead Sea Scrolls in English
(Hammersmith, UK: Penguin Books, 1962), 17.
bp
Quoted in Lawrence H. Schiffman, “Origin and Early History of the Qumran Sect,”
The Biblical Archeaologist
58, no. 1 (1995): 38-39.
The Biblical Archeaologist
58, no. 1 (1995): 38-39.
bq
J. K. Elliott, ed. and trans.,
The Apocryphal New Testament
(Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 648. Thomas isn't heretical, just known to have been written later, and he doesn't have the pizzaz of John.
The Apocryphal New Testament
(Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 648. Thomas isn't heretical, just known to have been written later, and he doesn't have the pizzaz of John.
br
This line is also used for the contemporary belief in the physical rapture, although early Christians did not dwell on this passage.
bs
Parousia
is the word used in the original Greek of the New Testament. It means “arrival in person” and now is used by scholars for the Second Coming.
is the word used in the original Greek of the New Testament. It means “arrival in person” and now is used by scholars for the Second Coming.
bt
See, for instance, the seventeenth-century Fifth Monarchists.
bu
E. R. Dodds,
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 136.
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 136.
bv
Ignatius, “
Ad Romanum” 5, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1,
rpt. ed., ed. Phillip Schaff. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997), 56.
Ad Romanum” 5, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1,
rpt. ed., ed. Phillip Schaff. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997), 56.
bw
“The Martyrdom of Ignatius,” ibid.
bx
Eusebius,
The History of the Church
6.2, trans. G. A. Williamson (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 239-240.
The History of the Church
6.2, trans. G. A. Williamson (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 239-240.
by
“The Second Book of Esdras,” in
The Apocrypha, rpt. ed., trans
. Edgar J. Goodspeed (New York: Random House, 1959). Just to keep things confused, it is also called IV Esdras and The Apocalypse of Ezra.
The Apocrypha, rpt. ed., trans
. Edgar J. Goodspeed (New York: Random House, 1959). Just to keep things confused, it is also called IV Esdras and The Apocalypse of Ezra.
bz
Ibid., Esdras 11:2.
ca
Ibid., Esdras 16:52.
cb
G. Quispel and G. M. Grant, “Note of the Petrine Apocrypha,”
Vigilae Christianae
6, no. 1 (1952), 32.
Vigilae Christianae
6, no. 1 (1952), 32.
cc
“Apocalypse of Peter: The Ethiopic and Akhmim Texts,” in
The Apocryphal New Testament, trans.
J. K. Elliot (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 600. This is a good example of the merging of the Jewish and Christian images of the Messiah.
The Apocryphal New Testament, trans.
J. K. Elliot (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 600. This is a good example of the merging of the Jewish and Christian images of the Messiah.
cd
Bart D. Ehrman,
Lost Scriptures: Books That Did Not Make It into the New Testament
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003), 333.
Lost Scriptures: Books That Did Not Make It into the New Testament
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003), 333.
ce
Elliot, 616; see als. Ehrman, 288.
cf
“The Sibylline Oracles,” in
The Apocryphal New Testament, trans.
J. K. Elliot (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 613.
The Apocryphal New Testament, trans.
J. K. Elliot (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993), 613.
cg
Ibid., 614.
ch
Ibid., 615.
ci
The Seventh Seal
is the also the title of my favorite Igmar Bergman film, which really doesn't have much to do with John's vision, but is worth watching all the same.
is the also the title of my favorite Igmar Bergman film, which really doesn't have much to do with John's vision, but is worth watching all the same.
cj
If John were writing a screenplay, I'd assume this was to leave room for a sequel.
ck
“Africanus Codex,” in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. 14, ed.
Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956), 454.
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. 14, ed.
Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956), 454.
cl
The history of Daoism summarized from Chad Hansen, “Taoism,” in
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward N. Zalta (2008).
Available at
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/taoism
. Accessed November 2009.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward N. Zalta (2008).
Available at
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/taoism
. Accessed November 2009.
cm
David Ownby, “Chinese Millennial Traditions: The Formative Age,”
The American Historical Review
104, no. 5 (1999), 1515-1516.
The American Historical Review
104, no. 5 (1999), 1515-1516.
cn
Barbara Hendrichke, “Early Daoist Movements,” in
Daoism Handbook,
ed. Livia Kohn (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 136.
Daoism Handbook,
ed. Livia Kohn (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 136.
co
Hubert Stewart,
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), 38, quoted from the
Hou Hanshu
j. 31, p. 3199.
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), 38, quoted from the
Hou Hanshu
j. 31, p. 3199.
cp
Ownby, 1519. It's not clear if this belief was fully developed at the time of the Yellow Turbans, but it was certainly in force by the fourth century.
cq
Howard S. Levy, “Yellow Turban Religion and Rebellion at the End of the Han,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
76, no. 4 (1956): 217.
Journal of the American Oriental Society
76, no. 4 (1956): 217.
cr
Levy, 219.
cs
Ownby, 1520.
ct
Levy, 219.
cu
Quoted in Ownby, 1521.
cv
Levy, 219-220.
cw
Ibid., 223.
cx
Posited in Barbara Kandel, “New Interpretations of the Han Dynasty Published during the Pi-Lin -Pi-Kong Campaign,”
Modern China
4, no. 1 (1978):110-112.
Modern China
4, no. 1 (1978):110-112.
cy
E. R. Dodds,
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, rpt. ed.
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990),. 63.
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, rpt. ed.
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990),. 63.
cz
Eusebius,
The History of the Church,
trans. G. A. Williamson (Hammondswroth, UK: Penguin Books, 1965), 5.14, p. 217.
The History of the Church,
trans. G. A. Williamson (Hammondswroth, UK: Penguin Books, 1965), 5.14, p. 217.
da
Eusebius, 5.16, p. 218. This was roughly five generations from the Crucifi xion.
db
Eusebius, 5.16, p. 220.
dc
“Montanist Fragments,” Available at
http://abacus.bates.edu/Faculty/Philosophy%20and%20Religion/rel_241/texts/montanism.html
.
Accessed November 2009.
http://abacus.bates.edu/Faculty/Philosophy%20and%20Religion/rel_241/texts/montanism.html
.
Accessed November 2009.
dd
Tertullian, “
Apologia,
” book 21, in
Ante-Nicene Fathers,
vol. 3, rpt. ed., ed. Allen Menzies (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman, 1997), 200.
Apologia,
” book 21, in
Ante-Nicene Fathers,
vol. 3, rpt. ed., ed. Allen Menzies (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman, 1997), 200.
de
Bradford E. Hinze and D. Lyle Dabney,
Advents of the Spirit: An Introduction to the Current Study of Pneumatology
(Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2001), 110-112.
Advents of the Spirit: An Introduction to the Current Study of Pneumatology
(Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2001), 110-112.
df
“Montanist Fragments,” Epiphanius, Haer, xlviii.13.
dg
Ibid., xlix.1.
dh
Eusebius, 18.1-5, pp. 223-224.
di
Ibid., 225.
dj
Quoted in. James B. Rives, “The Blood Libel against the Montanists,”
Vigiliae Christianae
50, no. 2 (1996): 117.
Vigiliae Christianae
50, no. 2 (1996): 117.
dk
Tertullian,
Ad Nationes,
book XV, p. 124.
Ad Nationes,
book XV, p. 124.
dl
Jerome, “Letter XLI, To Marcella,” in
The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers,
rpt. ed., trans. W. H. Freemantle (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1954), 55.
The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers,
rpt. ed., trans. W. H. Freemantle (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1954), 55.
dm
Ibid. The distinction seems pretty slim to me.
dn
Ibid., 56.
do
Ibid.
dp
Jeffrey Burton Russell,
Satan: The Early Christian Tradition
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 158.
Satan: The Early Christian Tradition
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 158.
dq
The information on Augustine's life is drawn from his
Confessions
. He tells pretty much everything, starting from the time he was in the womb.
Confessions
. He tells pretty much everything, starting from the time he was in the womb.
dr
Leo C. Farrari, “Background to Augustine's âCity of God,' ”
The Classical Journal
67, no. 3 (1972): 200.
The Classical Journal
67, no. 3 (1972): 200.
ds
Confessions,
book VIII, in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers First Series,
vol. 2, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956).
book VIII, in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers First Series,
vol. 2, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956).
dt
Augustine,
City of God,
book XX chap. V, in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers First Series,
vol. 2, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956).
City of God,
book XX chap. V, in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers First Series,
vol. 2, ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956).
du
Ibid., chap. V I.
dv
Ibid l. 342. Augustine adds, “It were a tedious process to refute these opinions point by point,” so he just explains the orthodox belief. I sympathize.
dw
City of God,
chap. VIII. This theory of predestination will have all sorts of interpretations later.
chap. VIII. This theory of predestination will have all sorts of interpretations later.
dx
Ibid.
,
chap. XV II, l. 1402.
,
chap. XV II, l. 1402.
dy
Ibid., book XVIII, chap. LIII.
dz
Quoted in Bernard McGinn,
Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of Human Fascination with Evil
(New York: Coumbia University Press, 2000), 115.
Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of Human Fascination with Evil
(New York: Coumbia University Press, 2000), 115.
ea
This period has been variously dated as 1500-1710 or 1200-1840. However, scientists seem to agree that the worst of it was during the first part.
eb
Robert Chazan, “ âLet Not Remnant or a Residue Escape': Millennial Enthusiasm in the First Crusade,”
Speculum
84, no. 2 (2009): 289-313; also Norman Cohn, “Medieval Millennialism,” in
Millennial Dreams in Action,
ed. Sylvia Thrupp (New York: Schocken, 1970), 33-34.
Speculum
84, no. 2 (2009): 289-313; also Norman Cohn, “Medieval Millennialism,” in
Millennial Dreams in Action,
ed. Sylvia Thrupp (New York: Schocken, 1970), 33-34.
ec
Cohn, 34. This prophecy would have a long life.
ed
Chazan. 36 Groups pushed to the wall have resorted to this throughout history, see the sections on Russian Old Believers and the Branch Davidians.
ee
Joshua Prawer,
The History of the Jews in Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 6-9.
The History of the Jews in Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 6-9.
ef
Ibid., 12.
eg
Ibid., 13.
eh
Ibid., 12.
ei
Stephen Sharot, “Jewish Millenarianism: A Comparison of Medieval Communities,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
22, no. 3 (1980): 397.
Comparative Studies in Society and History
22, no. 3 (1980): 397.
ej
P. G. Walsh and M. J. Kennedy, eds. and trans.,
The History of English Affairs,
book I (Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1988), 28-29.
The History of English Affairs,
book I (Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1988), 28-29.
ek
Michael D. Reeve and Neil Wright, eds. and trans., “Introduction,” in
The History of the Kings of Britain,
Geoffrey of Monmouth (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2007), vii.
The History of the Kings of Britain,
Geoffrey of Monmouth (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2007), vii.
el
Ibid., viii.
em
Geoffrey of Monmouth,
History,
liber 1:6-7, pp. 7-9.
History,
liber 1:6-7, pp. 7-9.
en
Nennius, 40-44.
eo
A. O. H. Jarman, “The Merlin Legend and the Welsh Tradition of Prophecy,” in
The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Legend and Medieval Welsh Literature,
ed. A. O. H. Jarman and Rechdl Bromwich (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991).
The Arthur of the Welsh: Arthurian Legend and Medieval Welsh Literature,
ed. A. O. H. Jarman and Rechdl Bromwich (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991).
ep
Rachel Bromwich, ed. and trans.,
Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain
(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), 458.
Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain
(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), 458.
eq
John J. Parry, “The Triple Death in the
Vita Merlini,
”
Speculum
5, no. 2 (1930): 216-217.
Vita Merlini,
”
Speculum
5, no. 2 (1930): 216-217.
er
Juliette Wood, “Virgil and Taliesin: The Concept of the Magician in Medieval Folklore,”
Folklore
94, no. 1 (1983): 91-104.
Folklore
94, no. 1 (1983): 91-104.
es
Bromwich, 460.
et
The Saxon word
wyrm
is used for both “serpent” and “dragon,” so Geoffrey could have gone either way, although he doesn't seem to have been from a Saxon family.
wyrm
is used for both “serpent” and “dragon,” so Geoffrey could have gone either way, although he doesn't seem to have been from a Saxon family.
eu
Geoffrey,
Prophecy,
liber V II, ll. 158-159: “
gestabit in dexerta sua nemus Colidonis, in sinestra vero murorum Lundoniae propugnacula.
”
Prophecy,
liber V II, ll. 158-159: “
gestabit in dexerta sua nemus Colidonis, in sinestra vero murorum Lundoniae propugnacula.
”
ev
Ibid., ll. 299-300: “
Ascendent Virgo dorsum Sagittarii et flores virgineos obfuscabit.
”
Ascendent Virgo dorsum Sagittarii et flores virgineos obfuscabit.
”
ew
Geoffrey,
History,
liber V I, ll. 75-76, p. 146: “
Succedent duo dracones, quorum alter invidiae piculo suffocabitur, alter vero sub umbra nominis redibit
” (p. 147).
History,
liber V I, ll. 75-76, p. 146: “
Succedent duo dracones, quorum alter invidiae piculo suffocabitur, alter vero sub umbra nominis redibit
” (p. 147).
ex
I am grateful to Morgan Kay for this point.
ey
William of Newburgh, see the epigraph for this section.
ez
Geoffrey,
History,
liber XI, ll. 575-576: “
prophetiis aquilae que Seftoniae prophetauit
.”
History,
liber XI, ll. 575-576: “
prophetiis aquilae que Seftoniae prophetauit
.”
fa
Les Prophesies de Merlin
ed. Lucy Allen Paton (New York, Heath & Co. 1926) 328 p. 339.
ed. Lucy Allen Paton (New York, Heath & Co. 1926) 328 p. 339.
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