The Pope's Last Crusade (35 page)

136
“This is the situation . . .”
Ibid.

138
Killeen followed Gundlach's letter
Killeen to LaFarge, October 28, 1938, BLBC.

138
Killeen also told LaFarge
Ibid.

139
“I was not a good sailor”
LaFarge,
Manner Is Ordinary,
283.

139
Unknown to LaFarge
“Alien Moneys Fall; Gold Receipts Huge,”
NYT,
October 11, 1938.

140
“Father Talbot and I met him . . .”
Miss Frances S. Childs to Edward S. Stanton, S.J., December 3, 1973, Stanton Papers, BLBC.

140
“Alas, just as I was about to . . .”
LaFarge,
Manner Is Ordinary,
284.

142
The cardinal is one of those
Papers of Caroline Drayton Phillips, November 12–13, 1938, MC560SLRH, 47–48, 21.2

143
“And tell that, Father, to Mussolini himself! . . .”
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
163.

143
Foreign Minister Ciano reported
Ciano,
Diary,
143.

144
“A mob of 1500 Nazi youths . . .”
Phillips diary, HLHC, 2785.

144
“It is a lie—we repeat . . .”
Cardinal Innitzer, “Abroad Column,”
NYT,
October 16, 1938.

145
“Nowadays mail often has a curious fate . . .”
Gundlach to LaFarge, November 18, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.

145
“With the heavy responsibility . . .”
Translated from the French, LaFarge letter to the pope, October 28, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.

146
While LaFarge could not be sure
Gundlach to LaFarge, November 18. LaFarge's original draft of the letter, written in French, is in the Stanton Papers. Another version was found in the archives of
Civilta Catolica
. See Giovanni Sale,
Le Leggi Razzziali In Italia E Il Vaticano
(Milan: Editoriale Jaca, 2009), 269.

147
In 1936, he had said
“Mundelein Sees Church Menaced,”
NYT,
January 16, 1936, 12.

147
“How is it that . . .”
“Mundelein Scorns Nazi Government,”
NYT,
May 19, 1937, 11.

148
“This is all most interesting . . .”
Phillips unpublished diary, Wednesday, October 26, 1938, 2805, HLHU.

148
Hurley agreed that the ambassador's involvement
Phillips diary, Saturday, October 15, 1938, 2785

148
Phillips welcomed
The Associated Press, “Roosevelt Requested Honors,”
NYT,
November 5, 1938.

148
Nazi
newspapers reviled
Otto D. Tolischus, “Berlin Sees Election Deal,”
NYT,
November 6, 1938.

149
“It was truly a marvelous sight
” Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, 49–50, SLRH, 21.2.

150
Early on the morning
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/grynszpan.html.

150
Joseph Goebbels reported that
Martin Gilbert,
Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2007), 29.

150
The marauding Nazis killed
Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogram, November 9–10, 1938, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201.

151
The terror was boundless
Jill Huber, “Eyewitnesses Remember ‘Night of Broken Glass,'”
New Jersey Jewish News,
http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/111308/
moEyewitnessesRemember.html, November 18, 1998.

151
“‘Move on,'” a policeman warned
Otto D. Tolischus, “Bands Rove Cities,”
NYT,
November 10, 1938, 1.

151
President Roosevelt condemned
Jean Edward Smith,
FDR
(New York: Random House, 2007), 426.

151
While Pius's voice was not heard
The Associated Press, “Milan Cardinal Sees Racism ‘A Danger,'”
NYT,
November 17, 1938.

152
“A kind of heresy . . .”
Ibid.

152
“Germany, once counted among civilized nations . . .”
“Beyond the Pale,”
America
, November 26, 1938, 181.

152
American Catholic leaders
http://archives.lib.cua.edu/education/kristallnacht/index.cfm.

153
Despite the condemnation
See Donald Warren,
Radio Priest
(New York: Free Press, 1996).

153
Coughlin took to the microphone
Charles Coughlin, radio broadcast, November 27, 1938, http://ia600304.us.archive.org/11/
items/Father_Coughlin/FatherCoughlin_1938-11-20.mp3.

154
“He has tremendous influence . . .”
Catholic Herald,
May 20, 1938, London, LaFarge papers, GUL.

154
Unsurprisingly, Coughlin had become a darling
“Nazi Papers Come to Aid of Fr. Coughlin,” Associated Press, Berlin, November 26, 1938.

154
“Racism, like the other destructive ideologies . . .”
“Price of Racism in United States Held a Peril by Catholic Writer,”
NYT,
November 30, 1938, 378.

155
The pope woke up at his normal hour
Arnaldo Cortesi, “Pope Suddenly Striken, But Condition Improves; His Doctors are Hopeful,”
NYT,
November 26, 1938, 1.

156
“Do not think of me”
Ibid., 4.

156
Meanwhile, the pope summoned
Telephone interview with Judge Guido Calabresi, September 29, 2011.

157
Within days, papal audiences
The Associated Press, “Pope Pius Resumes Normal Activities,”
Montreal Gazette,
November 29, 1938, 1.

157
“Since that date,”
U.S. Embassy Report, December 2, 1938, Edward C. Reed Charge, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.

158
On December 18, a cold, rainy day
The Associated Press, “Pope Presides at Session of Academy of Science,”
NYT,
December 19, 1938, and http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/12th-january-1940/5/jews-expelled-from-rome-university-to-attend-ponti.

159
Carrel and Lindbergh
http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380613,00.html.

159
He took long rests
“Pontiff Attends Chapel Services,”
NYT,
November 29, 1938.

159
A report in the
New York World Telegram
Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical,” 13.

160
Gundlach noted
Gundlach letter to LaFarge, GUL, 22-2.

160
Il Duce told Ciano
Ciano,
Diary,
165–166.

160
The pope continued his speech
Arnaldo Cortesi, “Pius XI Deplores Fascist Hostility; Reveals Incidents,”
NYT,
December 25, 1938, 1; U.S. Embassy memo Rome to the State Department, December 30,1939, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.

161
Germany reacted within days
“
Angriff
Assails Vatican,”
NYT,
December 28, 1938; “Jews Guide U.S. Policies Toward Nazis, Gayda Says,” The Associated Press, December 27, 1938.

161
“This past year belonged . . .”
John LaFarge, “Of Peace and Conflict Through Both Hemispheres,”
America,
December 21, 1938, 292.

162
“Welcome to historic Town Hall . . .”
Transcript,
America's Town Meeting on the Air,
December 29, 1938, 3, in LaFarge Papers, GUL.

164
“All about us rage undeclared wars . . .”
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15684#axzz1eRWtJTw5.

164
“If pessimism is the dominant mood . . .”
“Rabbi Hails Pope for 1938 Appeals,”
NYT,
January 1, 1939.

164
LaFarge received bad news
Letter from Maher to JLF, January 3, 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.

166
When Caroline and her husband
Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, January 13, 1939, SLRH, 21.2, 21.3. and William Phillips diary, HLHU.

166
“Great Britain has to live side by side . . .”
“Mr. Chamberlain for Rome,”
The (London) Times
, November 29, 1938, 15.

166
Even Chamberlain knew
U.S. embassy memo, to State Department, January 13, 1939, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.

167
A
New York Times
reporter was blunt
Frederick T. Birchall, “Rome Parleys End Without Results; Chamberlain Firm,”
NYT,
January 13, 1939, 1.

167
“I followed him a couple of steps . . .”
Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, SLRH, 21.3.

168
Pius repeated once more
. . . Chadwick,
Britain and the Vatican,
25.

168
the pope “has shown great courage . . .”
Ibid., and Gallagher,
Vatican Secret Diplomacy,
75–76.

168
Hurley reported back
Gallagher,
Vatican Secret Diplomacy,
76, and cf. 244.

169
Mussolini was baffled
Ciano,
Diary
, 177.

170
The pope tracked down the encyclical
Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical”; and Sale,
Le Leggi Razzziali,
271.

171
“I take leave . . .”
Translated from the Italian, Sale,
Le Leggi Razziali,
271.

172
In fact, one Jesuit researcher
Stanton Papers, manuscript, 56, BLBC.

172
Knowing none of this
Gundlach letter to LaFarge, January 28, 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.

173
In late January, Italian foreign minister
Ciano,
Diary,
184.

173
Vatican sources stirred the concern
“Duce's Sharp Speech,”
The (London) Times,
January 23, 1939, 11; and The Associated Press, “Pope Calls Bishops to Discuss Treaty,”
NYT,
January 31, 1939.

173
Ciano demanded answers
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
192; Wolf,
Pope and Devil,
208.

173
Ciano wrote in his diary
Ciano,
Diary,
184; see Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
179–180.

174
The pope told Penco
http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/
2008/09/21/ALJLtk5Bmussolini_
hitler_scontro.shtml;jsessionid
=686EED918E004BB680AD6E1D1DACA2A8.

174
The pope was consumed
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
180–187.

175
Finally, however, Ciano said
Ciano,
Diary,
185.

175
“Most people are stirred up . . .”
“Threat of Racism,” LaFarge, January 27, 1939, WMCA Radio transcript, GUL.

176
He claimed that warmongers
Otto D. Tolischus, “Hitler Demands Stolen Colonies,”
NYT,
January 31, 1939, 1.

176
The Vatican said Hitler
“Hitler Is Disputed by Vatican Organ,”
NYT,
Feburary 3, 1939.

176
Still fine-tuning
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
193–194.

177
The pope told Rocchi
Confalonieri,
Pius XI
, 314.

177
“The condition of the circulatory apparatus . . .”
Ibid., 316.

178
The Vatican press office
The Associated Press, “Pope Marks Anniversary,”
NYT,
February 7, 1939, 12.

179
An official statement on Thursday
Confalonieri,
Pius XI,
317.

179
Joseph Hurley told Ambassador Phillips
Phillips unpublished diary, HLHC, 2979.

181
“After the injection . . .”
Zsolt Aradi,
Pius XI: the Pope and the Man
(Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1958), 249.

181
Whatever the injection was
Confalonieri,
Pius XI,
322.

181
The
New York Times
report
Camille M. Cianfarra, “Death at 5:31 a.m.”
NYT,
February 11, 1939, 1.

182
The
Times
of London correspondent
“Death of the Pope,”
The
(London)
Times,
February 11, 1939.

183
In a fifth version of the story
“Religion: Death of a Pope,”
Time,
February 20, 1939.

183
Confalonieri made no mention
Confalonieri,
Pius XI,
322, quoting the pope's last words in Latin:
Spiritus in pace con Voi l'anima mia.

184
Thus satisfied he was able to declare
“Death of the Pope,”
The
(London)
Times,
February 11, 1939, 1.

185
Monsignor Carlo Grano
Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical.”

185
“I must say from the first meeting . . .”
Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop, February 27, 1939, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.

186
He took leave from the priesthood
http://archive.catholicherald

.co.uk/article/25th-february-1972/1/cardinal-with-common-touch-dies-aged-87.

186
Ratti “used to write me . . .”
Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop.

186
When Tisserant arrived
Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical.”

187
He also sent Joseph Hurley
Phillips unpublished diary, HLHC, 1979.

187
Ciano had already
Ciano,
Diary,
188–189.

188
Now the Italian government's
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
197 and Ciano,
Diary,
189.

189
The pope's assistants were “to hand over . . .”
Fattorini,
Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican,
189–190.

190
The
New York Times
reported
Camille M. Cianfarra, “Pope Pius Made Peace with Italy, Plans for Mass in Rome Indicate,”
NYT,
February 14, 1939, 1.