The People of the Eye: Deaf Ethnicity and Ancestry (35 page)

Shared ancestry is shown in the pedigrees by a bar (double line) joining marriage partners. When the common ancestor is known, a consanguinity index (CI) appears above the bar. It is the proportion of genes that two descendants share from a common ancestor. If they share parents, the value of Cl is 0.5 (for example, brothers share half of each others' genes); grandparents, it is 0.25; great grandparents 0.125 and so on. The more remote the ancestor shared, the smaller the fraction of shared genes and thus the smaller the Cl. When two people have more than one common ancestor, the proportion of genes they receive from each ancestor is summed. The numeric value of the consanguinity index appears only in the pedigrees posted on the web. That posting includes the figures in this book, which appear there without abridgment.

When parents are said to have been related-for example, in Fay's survey of Deaf marriages-but the common ancestor has not been identified, the bar appears without the index value. Conversely, if it is evident from the pedigree that in all likelihood the parents were related but we did not know that to be the case, we did not show the bar. Each individual may appear in one or more pedigrees. For example, Thomas Brown appears in the Brown pedigree and in his wife's pedigree, Smith-Parkhurst. Readers looking into genealogy should check each of the multiple entries for a given individual in the Every Name Index (Appendix D.)

Abbreviations used in the plots:

.0065 consanguinity index

AA attended the American Asylum

AAr attended 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th reunion

a. residence on Asylum admission

b. born

c. census

d. died

DMM Maine Deaf Mute Mission

Ec Executive Council Archives

1. living (place)

m. married

MV Martha's Vineyard

NEGA New Engl. Gallaudet Assn.

THGC T. H. Gallaudet Centennial

diamonds indicate persons without specifying gender; circles, females; squares, males; filled symbols, Deaf; half-filled, hard of hearing; double bar between spouses, consanguineous marriage; superscript circle, restored individual for reference after purging.

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0211_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0211_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

Most of the families cited in this book have pedigrees in our workbook, which is posted on the web at: http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/ DEA The website also provides fuller pedigree information for the pedigrees in Figures 2-17 in this book (see 200 series at website) and additional pedigrees not cited in the text. This Every Name Index shows if a given individual appears in one or more of the pedigrees there. The numbers following the names refer to pedigree numbers on our website. (Note: Two persons with the same name are disambiguated by date of birth or, if that is not available, by spouse. In the latter case, individuals are distinguished by number in parentheses.)

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0211_0002.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0211_0003.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0212_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0212_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0213_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0213_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0214_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0214_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0215_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0215_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0216_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0216_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0217_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0217_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0218_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0218_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0219_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0219_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0220_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0220_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0221_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0221_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0222_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0222_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0223_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0223_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0224_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0224_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0225_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0225_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0226_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0226_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0227_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0227_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0228_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0228_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0229_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0229_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0230_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0230_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0231_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0231_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0232_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0232_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0233_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0233_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0234_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0234_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0235_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0235_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0236_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0236_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0237_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0237_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0238_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0238_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0239_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0239_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0240_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0240_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0241_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0241_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0242_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0242_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0243_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0243_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0244_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0244_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0245_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0245_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0246_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0246_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0247_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0247_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0248_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0248_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0249_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0249_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0250_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0250_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0251_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0251_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0252_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0252_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0253_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0253_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0254_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0254_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0255_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0255_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0256_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0256_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0257_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0257_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0258_0000.svg-REPLACE_ME

SPECIAL_IMAGE-page0258_0001.svg-REPLACE_ME

Notes

Appendices

1 Daggett: R. A. Pierce, "Joseph Daggett of Martha's Vineyard, His Native American Wife and Their Descendants," New England Historical and Genealogic Register 161, no. 641 (2007): 5-21; Poole, New Vineyard.

2 Dillingham clan: W. Alexander, A Genealogy of the Dillingham Family of New England (East Lynn, Mass.: [n.p.1,1943); D. Dudley, "Dillingham Family," Library of Cape Cod History and Genealogy #95 (Yarmouthport, Mass.: C.W. Swift, 1912); K. A. Field, Dillingham-Bartlett: A Genealogy and History With Allied Families (W. Melbourne, Fla.: Kenneth A. Field, 1994).

E. A. Fessenden, The Fessenden Family in America (Vestal N.Y.: Baker and Taylor, 1971), quotation from p. 697.

4 Ibid.; J. C. Gordon, Education of Deaf Children: Evidence of Edward Gallaudet and Alexander Graham Bell Presented to the Royal Commission of The United Kingdom on the Condition of the Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Etc. (Washington, D.C.: Volta Bureau, 1892).

W. R. French, A History of Turner, Maine from its Settlement to 1886. (Portland, Me: Hoyt, Fogg and Donham, 1886); M. Z. Garrett et al. Index - History of Turner, Maine, by W.R. French (Unpublished document, Maine Historical Society, 1976); M. Z. Garrett et al., Marriages from History of Turner, Maine, by W.R. French (Unpublished document, Maine Historical Society, 1976).

6 W. R. Buckminster, The Larrabees [manuscript]. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, n.d.).

M. R. Ludwig, Ludwig Genealogy. Sketch of Joseph Ludwig, who was Born in Germany in 1699, and his Wife and Family, who Settled at "Broad Bay, Waldoboro in 1753 (Augusta, Me.: Kennebec Journal, 1886).

8 Anon., "Butler, James Davie; the Butler Family," The New England Historical and Genealogical Record (1847): 167-170; C. Eaton, History of Thomaston, Rockland, and South Thomaston Maine: From Their First Exploration, A.D. 1605; With Family Genealogies (Thomaston, Me.: Thomaston Historical Society, 1972); M. A. Groves, Vital Records of Thomaston, Maine (Rockport, Me.: Picton Press, 2002); S. E. Sullivan, Vital Records from the Thomaston Recorder of Thomaston, Maine, 1837-1846 (Camden, Me.: Picton Press, 1995).

L. Sprague, Agreeable Situations: Society, Commerce and Art in Southern Maine 1780-1830 (Boston, Mass.: Brick Store Museum, 1987).

10 S. D. Jones, The Deering Family of Southern Maine (Portland, Me.: author, 1979).

11 Small clan: S. Adams, The History of the Town of Bowdoinham, Maine 1762-1912 (Somersworth, N.H.: New England History Press, 1985); J. E. Bickford, ed., Early Bowdoin, Maine Families and Some of Their Descendants. (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 2002); R. T. Cox, E. F. Reed, and T. C. Stuart, Vital records of Bowdoin Maine to the year 1892 (Auburn, Me.: Maine Historical Society, 1945); Gray Historical Society, Gray, Maine, Past and Present, 1778-1978 (Gray, Me.: Gray Historical Society, 1978); L. M. Knapp and Gray Historical Society, Gray Maine, Images of America (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing., 1999);

12 T. A. Perkins, Jacob Perkins of Wells, Maine and his Descendants, 1583-1936 (Haverhill, Mass.: Record Publishing Co., 1947).

13 G. M. Titcomb, Descendants of William Titcomb of Newbury, Massachusetts, 1635 (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Edwards Brothers, 1969), quotation from page 182. See also: Pike Family Association, Records of the Pike Family Association of America (n/a, 1901); G. T. Ridlon, Saco Valley Settlements and Families (Rockport, Me.: Picton Press, 2003).

14 E. H. Everett, Hawley and Nason Ancestry, Including the Following Contributory Lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson (Chicago, Ill.: R.F. Seymour, 1929); T. F. Jordan, Leighton Genealogy: An Account of the Descendants of Col. William Leighton of Kittery Maine.(Albany, N.Y.: Munsell, 1885).

15 On Littlefield-Wakefield, see: G. T. Little and H. Sweetser, Genealogical and Family History of the State of Maine (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1909); H. Wakefield, Wakefield Memorial, Comprising an Historical, Genealogical and Biographical Register of the Name and Family of Wakefield (Bloomington, Ill.: an, 1897).

16 W. H. Smith, "Area Marriages 1780-1833, Gardiner," Downeast Ancestry 13 (1) 2, 10-13, 1989); W. H. Smith, "Gardiner Deaths 1805-1837," Downeast Ancestry 13(2) 43-74 (1989); W. H. Smith, "Gardiner in the 1830s, an 1880s View," Downeast Ancestry 14 (5) 158, 182-186 (1991).

17 C. T. Libby, The Libby Family in America 1602-1881 (Portland, Me.: Thurston, 1882).

18 However, there is Francis's hearing daughter Phoebe who had two Deaf children despite hearing partners. Phoebe had a Kentish ancestor and one of her partners, James Lord, did as well. The other partner's ancestry is unknown and their children took Phoebe's name.

19 Chi-Square=1.82,p>.10

20 Superintendent of the Census, Seventh Census, Report of the Superintendent (Washington, D.C.: House of Representatives, 1853)

21 American Asylum for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, Seventy-first Annual Report (Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood and Brainerd, 1888).

22 Massachusetts. Office of the Secretary of State. Returns of the Deaf in towns, 1817-1827. (Boston: Massachusetts State Archives.)

23 Gordon, Education of Deaf Children.; J. Horne, "Deaf Mutism," Treasury of Human Inheritance. Francis Gallon Laboratory for National Eugenics; Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 27 (1909): 27-72.

24 U.S. Special Census on Deaf Family Marriages and Hearing Relatives.

25 E. A. Fay and Volta Bureau, Marriages of the Deaf in America. An Inquiry Concerning the Results of Marriages of the Deaf in America (Washington, D. C., Gibson Brothers, 1898). See also: K.S. Arnos et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Deafness in the United States in Two Sets of Pedigrees Collected More Than a Century Apart.," American Journal Of Human Genetics 83 (2008): 200-207; J. Murray, "'One Touch of Nature Makes the Whole World Kin : The Transnational lives of Deaf Americans, 1870-1924" (Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 2007).