The Murder of Cleopatra (34 page)

CHAPTER 2: THE PHANTOM COBRA

1
. E. A. Wallis Budge,
The Egyptian Sudan: Its History and Monuments
, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1907), p. 211.

2
. Cleopatra VII's mother was Cleopatra V, and her sister, Cleopatra VI. Joyce Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), p. 27.

3
. Rosalie David,
The Ancient Egyptians: Beliefs and Practices
(Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press 1998), p. 148.

4
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 307.

5
. Ibid., p. 325.

6
. Ibid., p. 329.

7
. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1917), p. 39.

8
. Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
, trans. Robert Graves (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1957), p. 51.

CHAPTER 3: THE STAGE

1
. Strabo,
The Geography of Strabo
, vol. 3, trans. Hans Claude Hamilton and William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1889), pp. 228–31.

2
. Jean-Yves Empereur,
Alexandria Rediscovered
, trans. Margaret Maehler (New York: George Braziller, 1998), p. 112.

3
. Franck Goddio started his explorations underwater in Alexandria in 1992. After nearly three thousand dives in 1996, he had found enough archeological evidence to declare that he had found Cleopatra's palace under the Mediterranean waters off the shore of the city. Laura Foreman,
Cleopatra's Palace
(New York: Discovery Books, 1990), pp. 168–70.

4
. There are a number of discussions as to what happened to the library of ancient Alexandria, but I find Parenti's argument the most sound. Michael Parenti,
The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome
(New York: New Press, 2003), pp. 155–57.

CHAPTER 4: THE MAKING OF THE QUEEN: PART ONE

1
. N. G. L. Hammond,
The Genius of Alexander the Great
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), p. 40.

2
. J. G. Manning,
The Last Pharaohs
(Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 1.

CHAPTER 5: THE MAKING OF THE QUEEN: PART TWO

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 197.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Ibid., p. 193.

4
. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1917), p. 169.

5
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 197.

CHAPTER 7: CLEOPATRA VII BECOMES QUEEN

1
. Prudence J. Jones,
Cleopatra: A Sourcebook
, Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, vol. 31 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), p. 56.

2
. Plutarch,
Plutarch's Lives
, ed. Arthur Hugh Clough and trans. John Dryden, Modern Library Classics (New York: Modern Library/Random House, 2001), p. 231.

3
. Jones,
Cleopatra
, p. 56.

4
. Gaius Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
, trans. Robert Graves (Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1957), p. 17.

CHAPTER 8: JULIUS CAESAR

1
. Plutarch,
Plutarch's Lives
, ed. Arthur Hugh Clough and trans. John Dryden, Modern Library Classics (New York: Modern Library/Random House, 2001), pp. 165–67.

CHAPTER 9: MARK ANTONY

1
. Plutarch,
The Makers of Rome: Nine Lives
, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert (New York: Penguin Classics, 1965), p. 291.

2
. Ibid., p. 285.

3
. Ibid., p. 282.

4
. Quoted in Prudence J. Jones,
Cleopatra
(London: Haus Publishing, 2006), p. 84.

5
. Ibid.

CHAPTER 10: OCTAVIAN

1
. Gaius Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
, trans. Robert Graves (Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1957), pp. 81–82.

2
. Ibid., p. 86.

3
. Gaius Suetonius,
Lives of the Caesars
, trans. Catherine Edwards (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 85.

4
. Ibid., p. 78.

5
. Suetonius,
Twelve Caesars
, p. 26.

6
. Ibid., p. 68.

CHAPTER 12: THE ROAD TO ACTIUM: PART TWO

1
. Anthony Everett,
Augustus
(New York: Random House, 2006), p. 96.

CHAPTER 13: THE ROAD TO ACTIUM: PART THREE

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 195.

2
. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1917), pp. 25–27.

3
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 263.

CHAPTER 14: ACTIUM

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), pp. 267.

2
. Ibid., p. 270.

3
. Ibid., p. 272.

4
. Ibid., p. 275.

5
. Ibid., p. 277.

6
. Ibid., p. 279.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Ibid., p. 281.

9
. Ibid., p. 282.

10
. Ibid., p. 283.

11
. Ibid., p. 284.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid., p. 285.

14
. Ibid., p. 287.

15
. Ibid., p. 288.

16
. Ibid., p. 289.

17
. Ibid., p. 291.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Ibid., p. 292.

20
. Ibid., p. 294.

CHAPTER 15: PLAN B

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 297.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid., p. 303.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Ibid., p. 305.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Ibid., p. 307.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Strabo,
The Geography of Strabo
, vol. 3, trans. Hans Claude Hamilton and William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1889), pp. 228–31.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Michael Pitassi,
The Navies of Rome
(Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2009), pp. 48–49.

13
. Ibid.

CHAPTER 16: PLAN C

1
. Vincent Scheil, “Inscription de Darius à Suez,”
BIFAO
30 (1931): 297, cited in “Ancient Egypt: An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt,” last modified May 2009,
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/canals.htm
(accessed November 20, 2012).

2
. Diodorus Siculus,
Historical Library
, vol. 1, chap. 33, trans. Julius Friedrich Wurm, quoted in “Ancient Egypt: An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt,” last modified May 2009,
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/canals.htm
(accessed November 20, 2012).

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid.

CHAPTER 17: A MOTIVE FOR THE MURDER OF CLEOPATRA

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 307.

2
. William Smith, ed.,
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
(Boston: Little, 1880).

3
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 311.

4
. Ibid., p. 310.

5
. Ibid., p. 307.

6
. Donald W. Engles,
Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
(Berkley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 60.

7
. Strabo,
Geography
, vol. 3, book 17, trans. William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1903), p. 223. Available at
http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Strabo.html
.

8
. Herodotus,
Histories
, cited in “Ancient Egypt: An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt,” last modified May 2009,
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/geography/
(accessed November 20, 2012).

9
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 307.

10
. Ibid.

CHAPTER 18: THE UNFORESEEN MURDER OF ANTONY

1
. Strabo,
The Geography of Strabo
, vol. 3, trans. Hans Claude Hamilton and William Falconer (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1889), pp. 228–31.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), pp. 314–17.

4
. Somers Clarke and R. Engelbach,
Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture
(New York: Dover Publications, 1990), p. 160.

5
. Sergio Pernigotti,
The Egyptians
, ed. Sergio Donadoni (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).

CHAPTER 19: THE CAPTURE OF CLEOPATRA

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), p. 307.

2
. Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich,
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977), p. 453
.

3
. Somers Clarke and R. Engelbach,
Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture
(New York: Dover Publications, 1990), p. 169.

4
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 317.

5
. Ibid., p. 323.

6
. Ibid., pp. 316–17.

7
. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, trans. Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1917), pp. 25–27.

8
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 318.

9
. Ibid., p. 325.

10
. Quoting Florus from
Life of Antony
in Prudence J. Jones,
Cleopatra: A Sourcebook
, Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, vol. 31 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), p. 170.

11
. Dio,
Roman History
, p. 34.

12
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 319.

13
. Ibid., p. 322.

14
. Ibid., p. 330.

15
. Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
, trans. Robert Graves (Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1957), p. 51.

16
. Plutarch,
Lives
, p. 321.

CHAPTER 21: OCTAVIAN'S TRIUMPH

1
. Plutarch,
Lives
, vol. 9,
Demetrius and Antony, Pyrrhus and Gaius
, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Suffolk, UK: St. Edmundsbury Press, 1920), pp. 321–33.

Abbot, Jacob.
Cleopatra
. Fairfield, IA: First World Library, 2005.

Appian.
The Civil Wars
. Translated by John Carter. London: Penguin Group, 1996.

Ashton, Sally-Ann.
Cleopatra and Egypt
. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.

Atiya, Farid.
Cheops' Solar Boat
. 2nd ed. Cairo, Egypt: Farid Atiya Press, 2009.

Baines, John, and Jaromir Malek.
Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt
. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000.

Baker, Simon.
Ancient Rome
. London: BBC Books, 2006.

Bard, Kathryn A.
An Introduction to the Archeology of Ancient Egypt
. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.

Bass, George F., ed.
A History of Seafaring
. London: Omega, 1974.

Beard, Mary. “Cleopatra: From History to Myth,”
Guardian
, March 18, 2003.

Bongioanni, Alessandro, and Maria Sole Croce, eds.
The Illustrated Guide to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
. Cairo: University of Cairo Press, 2001.

Bradford, Ernle.
Cleopatra
. London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 1971.

Brooklyn Museum.
Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies
. New York: Brooklyn Museum, 1988.