The Most Human Human (39 page)

4
Kenneth Mark Colby, James B. Watt, and John P. Gilbert, “A Computer Method of Psychotherapy: Preliminary Communication,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
142, no. 2 (February 1966).

5
Carl Sagan, in
Natural History
84, no. 1 (January 1975), p. 10.

6
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, “Depression and Anxiety: Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CCBT),”
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA97
.

7
Dennis Greenberger and Christine A. Padesky,
Mind over Mood: Change How You Feel by Changing the Way You Think
(New York: Guilford, 1995).

8
Sting, “All This Time,”
The Soul Cages
(A&M, 1990).

9
Richard Bandler and John Grinder,
Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming
(Moab, Utah: Real People Press, 1979).

10
Weizenbaum,
Computer Power and Human Reason
.

11
Josué Harari and David Bell, introduction to
Hermes
, by Michel Serres (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).

12
Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson,
Rework
(New York: Crown Business, 2010).

13
Timothy Ferriss,
The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich
(New York: Crown, 2007).

14
Bill Venners, “Don’t Live with Broken Windows: A Conversation with Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas,”
Artima Developer
, March 3, 2003,
www.artima.com/intv/fixit.html
.

15
U.S. Marine Corps,
Warfighting
.

16
“NUMMI,” episode 403 of
This American Life
, March 26, 2010.

17
Studs Terkel,
Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do
(New York: Pantheon, 1974).

18
Matthew B. Crawford,
Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work
(New York: Penguin, 2009).

19
Robert Pirsig,
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
(New York: Morrow, 1974).

20
Francis Ponge,
Selected Poems
(Winston-Salem, N.C.: Wake Forest University Press, 1994).

21
Garry Kasparov,
How Life Imitates Chess
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2007).

22
Twyla Tharp,
The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).

23
“Australian Architect Becomes the 2002 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize,”
Pritzker Architecture Prize
,
www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2002/announcement.html
.

24
“Life is not about maximizing everything”: From Geraldine O’Brien,
“The Aussie Tin Shed Is Now a World-Beater,”
Sydney Morning Herald
, April 15, 2002.

25
“One of the great problems of our period”: From Andrea Oppenheimer Dean, “Gold Medal: Glenn Murcutt” (interview),
Architectural Record
, May 2009.

26
“I think that one of the disasters”: Jean Nouvel, interviewed on
The Charlie Rose Show
, April 15, 2010.

27
“I fight for specific architecture”: From Jacob Adelman, “France’s Jean Nouvel Wins Pritzker, Highest Honor for Architecture,” Associated Press, March 31, 2008.

28
“I try to be a contextual architect”:
Charlie Rose
, April 15, 2010.

29
“It’s great arrogance”: From Belinda Luscombe, “Glenn Murcutt: Staying Cool Is a Breeze,”
Time
, August 26, 2002.

30
My Dinner with Andre
, directed by Louis Malle (Saga, 1981).

31
Before Sunrise
, directed by Richard Linklater (Castle Rock Entertainment, 1995).

32
Roger Ebert, review of
My Dinner with Andre
, January 1, 1981, at
rogerebert.suntimes.com
. 94
Before Sunset
, directed by Richard Linklater (Warner Independent Pictures, 2004).

33
George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,”
Horizon
13, no. 76 (April 1946), pp. 252–65.

34
Melinda Bargreen, “Violetta: The Ultimate Challenge,” interview with Nuccia Focile, in program for Seattle Opera’s
La Traviata
, October 2009.

1
Paul Ekman,
Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage
(New York: Norton, 2001).

2
Benjamin Franklin, “The Morals of Chess,”
Columbian Magazine
(December 1786).

3
For Deep Blue engineer Feng-hsiung Hsu’s take on the match, see
Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002).

4
Neil Strauss,
The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists
(New York: ReganBooks, 2005).

5
Duchamp’s quotation is attributed to two separate sources: Andy Soltis, “Duchamp and the Art of Chess Appeal,” n.d., unidentified newspaper clipping, object file, Department of Modern and Contemporary Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art; and Marcel Duchamp’s address on August 30, 1952, to the New York State Chess Association; see Anne d’Harnoncourt and Kynaston McShine, eds.,
Marcel Duchamp
(New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1973), p. 131.

6
Douglas R. Hofstadter,
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
(New York: Basic Books, 1979).

7
“the conclusion that profoundly insightful chess-playing”: Douglas Hofstadter, summarizing the position taken by
Gödel, Escher, Bach
in the essay “Staring Emmy Straight in the Eye—and Doing My Best Not to Flinch,” in David Cope,
Virtual Music: Computer Synthesis of Musical Style
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001), pp. 33–82.

8
knight’s training … Schwarzkopf: See David Shenk,
The Immortal Game
(New York: Doubleday, 2006).

9
“The first time I”: Hofstadter, quoted in Bruce Weber, “Mean Chess-Playing Computer Tears at the Meaning of Thought,”
New York Times
, February 19, 1996.

10
“article in
Scientific American”:
Almost certainly the shocking Feng-hsiung Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman, Murray Campbell, and Andreas Nowatzyk, “A Grandmaster Chess Machine,”
Scientific American
, October 1990.

11
“To some extent, this match is a defense of the whole human race”: Quoted by Hofstadter, “Staring Emmy Straight in the Eye,” and attributed to a (since-deleted) 1996 article titled “Kasparov Speaks” at
www.ibm.com
.

12
“The sanctity of human intelligence”: Weber, “Mean Chess-Playing Computer.”

13
David Foster Wallace (originally in reference to a tennis match), in “The String Theory,” in
Esquire
, July 1996. Collected (under the title “Tennis Player Michael Joyce’s Professional Artistry as a Paradigm of Certain Stuff about Choice, Freedom, Discipline, Joy, Grotesquerie, and Human Completeness”) in
A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1997).

14
“I personally guarantee”: From the press conference after Game 6, as reported by Malcolm Pein of the London Chess Centre.

15
Claude Shannon, “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess,”
Philosophical Magazine
, March 1950, the first paper ever written on computer chess.

16
Hofstadter, in Weber, “Mean Chess-Playing Computer.”

17
Searle, in ibid.

18
“unrestrained threshold of excellence”: Ibid.

19
Deep Blue didn’t win it: As Kasparov said at the press conference, “The match was lost by the world champion [and not won by Deep Blue, was the implication] … Forget today’s game. I mean, Deep Blue hasn’t won a single game out of the five.” Bewilderingly, he remarked, “It’s not yet ready, in my opinion, to win a big contest.”

20
checkmate in 262: See Ken Thompson, “The Longest: KRNKNN in 262,”
ICGA Journal
23, no. 1 (2000), pp. 35–36.

21
“concepts do not always work”:
James Gleick, “Machine Beats Man on Ancient Front,”
New York Times
, August 26, 1986.

22
Michael Littman, quoted in Bryn Nelson, “Checkers Computer Becomes Invincible,”
msnbc.com
, July 19, 2007.

23
Garry Kasparov,
How Life Imitates Chess
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2007).

24
Charles Mee, in “Shaped, in Bits, Drips, and Quips,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 24, 2004; and in “About the (Re)Making Project,”
www.charlesmee.org/html/about.html
.

25
“doesn’t even count”: From Kasparov’s remarks at the post–Game 6 press conference.

26
Jonathan Schaeffer et al., “Checkers Is Solved,”
Science
317, no. 5844 (September 14, 2007), pp. 1518–22. For more about Chinook, see Jonathan Schaeffer,
One Jump Ahead: Computer Perfection at Checkers
(New York: Springer, 2008).

27
Game 6 commentary available at the IBM website:
www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/games/game6/html/comm.txt
.

28
Kasparov,
How Life Imitates Chess
.

29
Vin DiCarlo, “Phone and Text Game,” at
orders.vindicarlo.com/noflakes
.

30
“Once you have performed”: Mystery,
The Mystery Method: How to Get Beautiful Women into Bed
, with Chris Odom (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007).

31
Ted Koppel, in Jack T. Huber and Dean Diggins,
Interviewing America’s
Top Interviewers: Nineteen Top Interviewers Tell All About What They Do
(New York: Carol, 1991).

32
Schaeffer et al., “Checkers Is Solved.”

33
“I decided to opt for unusual openings”: Garry Kasparov, “Techmate,”
Forbes
, February 22, 1999.

34
Bobby Fischer, interview on Icelandic radio station Útvarp Saga, October 16, 2006.

35
“pushed further and further in”: From
www.chess960.net
.

36
Yasser Seirawan, in his commentary for the Kasparov–Deep Blue rematch, Game 4:
www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/games/game4/html/comm.txt
.

37
Robert Pirsig,
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
(New York: Morrow, 1974).

38
“Speed Dating with Yaacov and Sue Deyo,” interview with Terry Gross,
Fresh Air
, National Public Radio, August 17, 2005. See also Yaacov Deyo and Sue Deyo,
Speed Dating: The Smarter, Faster Way to Lasting Love
(New York: HarperResource, 2002).

1
Garry Kasparov,
How Life Imitates Chess
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2007).

2
Jean-Paul Sartre, “Existentialism Is a Humanism,” translated by Bernard Frechtman, reprinted (as “Existentialism”) in
Existentialism and Human Emotions
(New York: Citadel, 1987).

3
Stephen Jay Gould,
Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin
(New York: Harmony Books, 1996).

4
René Descartes,
Meditations on First Philosophy
.

5
The Terminator
, directed by James Cameron (Orion Pictures, 1984).

6
The Matrix
, directed by Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski (Warner Bros., 1999).

7
Douglas R. Hofstadter,
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
(New York: Basic Books, 1979).

8
Mark Humphrys, “How My Program Passed the Turing Test,” in
Parsing the Turing Test
, edited by Robert Epstein et al. (New York: Springer, 2008).

9
V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee,
Phantoms in the Brain:
Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind
(New York: William Morrow, 1998).

10
Alan Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,”
Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society
, 1937, 2nd ser., 42, no. 1 (1937), pp. 230–65.

11
Ada Lovelace’s remarks come from her translation (and notes thereupon) of Luigi Federico Menabrea’s “Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, Esq.,” in
Scientific Memoirs
, edited by Richard Taylor (London, 1843).

12
Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”
Mind
59, no. 236 (October 1950), pp. 433–60.

13
For more on the idea of “radical choice,” see, e.g., Sartre, “Existentialism Is a Humanism,” especially Sartre’s discussion of a painter wondering “what painting ought he to make” and a student who came to ask Sartre’s advice about an ethical dilemma.

14
Aristotle’s arguments: See, e.g.,
The Nicomachean Ethics
.

15
For a publicly traded company: Nobel Prize winner, and (says the
Economist)
“the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century,” Milton Friedman wrote a piece in the
New York Times Magazine
in 1970 titled “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.” The title makes his thesis pretty clear, but Friedman is careful to specify that he means
public
companies: “The situation of the individual proprietor is somewhat different. If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to exercise his ‘social responsibility’ [or in general to do anything whose end is ultimately something other than profit], he is spending his own money, not someone else’s … That is his right, and I cannot see that there is any objection to his doing so.”

16
Antonio Machado, “Proverbios y cantares,” in
Campos de Castilla
(Madrid: Renacimiento, 1912).