The Mob and the City (56 page)

42
. Joseph “Joe Dogs” Iannuzi,
Joe Dogs: The Life and Crimes of a Mobster
(New York: Pocket Books, 1993), p. 10.

43
. Annelise Graebner Anderson,
The Business of Organized Crime: A Cosa Nostra Family
(Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1979), pp. 113–14; John Kroger,
Convictions: A Prosecutor's Battles against Mafia Killers, Drug Kingpins, and Enron Thieves
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009), p. 139.

44
. Martin Booth,
Opium: A History
(New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1998), pp. 331–32; Peter Reuter and John Haaga,
The Organization of High-Level Drug Markets: An Exploratory Study
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1989). The Mafia's move to the wholesaling level made economic sense: another study showed that wholesale distributors and drug-gang leaders made far higher incomes than street-level dealers. Steven D. Levitt and Sudhir Alladi Venatesh, “An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
115, no. 3 (2000): 755–89.

45
. See chapter 4.

46
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 225 (statement of Vincent Cafaro), quoted in James B. Jacobs,
Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement
(New York: New York University Press, 2006), p. 40.

47
. Jacobs,
Mobsters, Unions, and Feds
, pp. 33–34; David Witwer,
Shadow of the Racketeer: Scandal in Organized Labor
(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 56–57.

48
. Nicholas Pileggi,
Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), p. 46.

49
. Salvatore Mondello,
A Sicilian in East Harlem
(Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2005), p. 64.

50
. See also Frances A. J. Ianni with Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni,
A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), pp. 75–82.

51
. During this era, Queens, Staten Island, and the outer Bronx were largely residential, middle-class, suburban areas. Although Queens is different today, during the 1950s, it had the newest housing stock and the second-highest median income of the boroughs. The surrounding counties of Westchester County (north of New York City) and Nassau County (on Long Island) were among the most upwardly mobile counties in the nation. In suburban New Jersey, Essex, Bergen, and Union Counties each had per-capita incomes above the New York metropolitan region. The Commission on Governmental Operations of the City of New York,
New York City in Transition
(New York: n.p., 1960), pp. 63–69; Andrew Hurley,
Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 51; Kenneth T. Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 237, 277, 284.

52
. This statistic is calculated from table 7–3.

53
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 277 (testimony of Valachi).

54
. Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 2–8, 11–12, 21–22, 78–79, in Boxes 1 and 2, Joseph Valachi Papers, in John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA; Letter of Federal Bureau of Prisons, Wife of Prisoner Joseph Valachi, December 7, 1962, in Box 1, Records of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (hereafter “NARA Washington”).

55
. FBI Report, John Franzese, October 6, 1960, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Michael Franzese with Dary Matera,
Quitting the Mob: How the “Yuppie Don” Left the Mafia and Lived to Tell His Story
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 31, 74; Michael Franzese,
Blood Covenant
(New Kensington, PA: Whitaker House, 2003), pp. 28–29, 33.

56
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 301 (testimony of Valachi).

57
. FBI Memorandum, Michael Coppola, Top Hoodlum Coverage, Aril 16, 1954, and FBI Memorandum, Michael Coppola, July 22, 1957, both in FBI FOIA File on Mike Coppola (copy in possession of author);
Brooklyn Eagle
, February 7, 1939; Hank Messick, “What Goes On Inside Mafia Life,”
Miami Herald
, December 8, 1968; Hank Messick with Joseph L. Nellis,
The Private Lives of Public Enemies
(New York: P. H. Wyden, 1973), p. 197.

58
. FBI Memorandum, Ruggiero Boiardo, May 12, 1954, in FBI FOIA File (copy in possession of author); FBI Memorandum, The Criminal Commission; Angelo Bruno, December 27, 1962, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Richard Linnett,
In the Godfather Garden: The Long Life and Times of Richie “The Boot” Boiardo
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013), pp. 2–4.

59
. FBI Report, Crime Conditions in the New York Division, December 27, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park);
People v. Brown
, 80 Misc.2d 778 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1975);
New York Times
, April 20, 1978, April 11, 1989, July 29, 1992; testimony of Angelo Lonardo, quoted in James B. Jacobs, Christopher Panarella, and Jay Worthington,
Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra
(New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 197–98.

60
.
New York Times
, August 16, 1957, July 27, 1968, February 18, 1985, September 1, 2000; FBI Report, Michelino Clemente, May 3, 1961, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

61
. Paul Castellano on an electronic surveillance recording, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime,
Edge
, pp. xx, 200–208, 240; Joseph F. O'Brien and Andris Kurins,
Boss of Bosses: The FBI and Paul Castellano
(New York: Island Books, 1991), pp. 28–30, 69–72, 205–206, 261; Ronald Goldstock, Director, and James B. Jacobs, Principal Draftsman,
Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry
(New York: New York University Press, 1990), p. 84.

62
. Chicago Heights banker's report, quoted in Matthew Luzi,
The Boys in Chicago Heights: The Forgotten Crew of the Chicago Outfit
(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012), p. 51; Louis Ferrante,
Mob Rules: What the Mafia Can Teach the Legitimate Businessman
(New York: Penguin, 2011), p. 67; Henry Hill,
Gangsters and Goodfellas: The Mob, Witness Protection, and Life on the Run
(Lanham, MD: M. Evans, 2004), pp. 35, 78.

63
. Teresa,
My Life in the Mafia
, pp. 70, 130; Hill,
Gangsters and Goodfellas
, pp. 35, 78; Pistone,
Way of the Wiseguy
, p. 34.

64
. President's Commission on Organized Crime,
Organized Crime and Money Laundering: Record of Hearing II, March 14, 1984
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1984), 30–31, 40, 44–45 (testimony of Jimmy Fratianno).

65
. Jimmy Fratianno, quoted in Ovid Demaris,
The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno
(New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 105.

66
. Lynda Milito with Reg Potterton,
Mafia Wife: My Story of Love, Murder, and Madness
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 131.

67
. Briefs in
United States vs. Frank Costello
, Case No. 382 (2d Cir. 1936) in Records of the United States Courts of Appeal, RG 276 (NARA New York);
United States v. Costello
, 221 F.2d 668 (2d. Cir. 1955);
Costello v. United States
, 350 U.S. 359 (1956).

68
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 249 (testimony of Cafaro).

69
. Maas,
Underboss
, p. 73.

70
. Philip Carlo,
Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 95.

71
. Pileggi,
Wiseguy
, p. 90.

72
. Pistone,
Way of the Wiseguy
, p. 53.

73
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, October 17, 1929.

74
. Teresa,
My Life in the Mafia
, p. 118.

75
. Sal Polisi and Steve Dougherty,
The Sinatra Club: My Life Inside the New York Mafia
(New York: Gallery Books, 2012), p. 25.

76
. Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci,
Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti
(Indianapolis: Alpha Books: 1988), p. 162.

77
. Pileggi,
Wiseguy
, pp. 54, 80.

78
.
New York Daily News
, January 29, 2012; “Reputed Mafia Boss John Gotti Says He's Not Living High-Life in Jail,” Associated Press, February 9, 1992;
Time
, September 29, 1986.

79
. Charles Luciano, quoted in
American Weekly
interview reprinted in Sid Feder and Joachim Joesten,
The Luciano Story
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), p. 309.

80
. Teresa,
My Life in the Mafia
, p. 62.

81
. Henry Hill, quoted in Pileggi,
Wiseguy
, p. 55.

82
. Mario Puzo,
The Godfather
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969), p. 88.

83
. Joseph Pistone and Charles Brandt,
Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business
(Philadelphia: Running Press, 2007), p. 34.

84
.
Donnie Brasco
(Mandalay Pictures, 1997).

85
. Pistone,
Unfinished Business
, pp. 71–72; Sifakis,
Mafia Encyclopedia
, pp. 45–46; Pistone,
Donnie Brasco
, p. 115.

86
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 270–71 (testimony of Valachi); Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, pp. 105–108; Sifakis,
Mafia Encyclopedia
, pp. 45–46. This estimated homicide total for the 1930s is based on Eric Monkonnen,
Murder in New York City
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 9, 15–16, appendix.

87
. Peter Davidson,
Bones on the Beach: Mafia, Murder, and the True Story of an Undercover Cop Who Went under the Covers with a Wiseguy
(New York: Berkley, 2010), p. 39.

88
. Thomas Hunt and Martha Sheldon,
Deep Water: Joseph P. Macheca and the Birth of the American Mafia
(Hartford, CT: iUniverse, 2007), p. 219. I thank Tom Hunt and Rick Warner for helping identify many of these informants.

89
. Report of the Questore, August 3, 1900, in
Archivio central dello Stato
, cited in Salvatore Lupo,
History of the Mafia
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), pp. 108–11, 293 n. 72.