The Mansion of Happiness (44 page)

53.
Spiro,
Defending the Master Race
, 345. Meanwhile, academic geneticists vigorously repudiated eugenics. Dunn’s interesting letters are discussed in Ludmerer,
Genetics and American Society
, 127–29; and see, more broadly, chapter 6.

54.
Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
, 202–3.

55.
Paul Popenoe, “The German Sterilization Law,”
Journal of Heredity
25 (July 1934): 257–60. See also Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenics, Sterilisation and Modern Marriage,” 307. As late as 1938, Popenoe was celebrating sterilization—that is, in
Twenty-eight Years of Sterilization
, 22. On the German sterilization law as based on
the California statute, see Kline,
Building a Better Race
, 103.

56.
Abraham Myerson, “Research Urged” [letter to the editor],
New York Times
, March 15, 1936; see also Abraham Myerson,
Speaking of Man
(New York: Knopf, 1950). Dunn is quoted in Ludmerer,
Genetics and American Society
, 130. Popenoe had defended eugenics to Dunn in 1934 (Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
,
202–3).

57.
E. B. White, “The World of Tomorrow,”
One Man’s Meat
(Gardiner, ME: Tilbury House, 1997), 58–64; quote from 58. First published in the
New Yorker
on May 13, 1939, as “They Came with Joyous Song.”

58.
Haller,
Eugenics
, 179. Gordon,
Moral Property
, 202.

59.
Paul Popenoe to Mariann Olden, May 5, 1945, as quoted in Kline,
Building a Better Race
, 104.

60.
Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenics, Sterilisation and Modern Marriage,” 314. In 1962, Popenoe wrote, “The major factor in the decline of eugenics was undoubtedly Hitlerism” (cited in Pickens,
Eugenics and the Progressives
, 99).

61.
Darrow, “The Eugenics Cult,” 132, 137. See also Michael Willrich, “The Two Percent Solution: Eugenic Jurisprudence and the Socialization of American Law, 1900–1930,”
Law and History Review
16 (1998): 104.

62.
On the Celestial Bed, see Lydia Syson,
Doctor of Love: James Graham and His Celestial Bed
(Richmond, Surrey, UK: Alma Books, 2008).

63.
Davis,
More Perfect Unions
, 3.

64.
Laurie Abraham,
The Husbands and Wives Club: A Year in the Life of a Couples Therapy Group
(New York: Touchstone, 2010), 62.

65.
Davis,
More Perfect Unions
, 258, 3.

66.
Elizabeth Weil, “Married (Happily) with Issues,”
New York Times Magazine
, December 1, 2009.

67.
Abraham,
Husbands and Wives Club
, 2–3, 280, 96, 19, 245, 284, 274.

68.
“Electronic Cupid,”
Time
, November 19, 1956.

69.
Lori Gottlieb,
Marry Him: The Case for Settling for Mr. Good Enough
(New York: Dutton, 2010), chapter 4, 101, 106.

70.
Tara Parker-Pope,
For Better: The Science of a Good Marriage
(New York: Dutton, 2010), 1–3, chapter 9. Earlier, “Ovulatory Cycle Effects on Tip Earnings by Lap Dancers” was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize, a prize given to the junkiest piece of scientific research. “The 2008 Ig Nobel Prize Winners,”
Improbable Research
,
http://improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2008
.

71.
Brian Leubitz, “0 for 2: Blankenhorn Looks Lost,”
Prop 8 Trial Tracker
(blog), January 26, 2010,
http://www.prop8trialtracker.com/2010/01/26/0-for-2-the-defendants-are-playing-for-some-other-audience/
. See also
Gary Shih, “Same-Sex Marriage Case, Day 11: Churches,”
The Bay Area
(blog),
New York Times
, January 26, 2010,
http://bayarea.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/same-sex-marriage-case-day-11-churches/
. David Popenoe,
War over the Family
, 84. On the history of marriage and the state, see Nancy F. Cott,
Public Vows: A History of
Marriage and the Nation
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).

72.
David Popenoe on “social suicide”: David Popenoe,
Life Without Father: Compelling New Evidence That Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society
(New York: Free Press, 1996), 192. Popenoe and Johnson on “race suicide”: Popenoe and Johnson,
Applied Genetics
, chapter 12.

73.
On their joint publication, see David Popenoe, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and David Blankenhorn, eds.,
Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America
(Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 1996). Institute for American Values and the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia,
The State of Our Unions: Marriage in America, 2010; When Marriage
Disappears—the New Middle America
,
http://www.virginia.edu/marriageproject/pdfs/
Union_11_12_10.pdf
.

74.
David Popenoe, “Remembering My Father: An Intellectual Portrait of ‘The Man Who Saved Marriages,’ ” in
War over the Family.

1.
The story of the meeting at Henry Gantt’s apartment and the decision to use “Scientific Management” is described in just about every account of these heady days, but see, especially, Robert Kanigel,
The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency
(New York: Viking, 1997), 431–42; Frank Barkley Copley,
Frederick
W. Taylor: Father of Scientific Management
(New York: Taylor Society, 1923), 2:372; Jane Lancaster,
Making Time: Lillian Moller Gilbreth, a Life Beyond “Cheaper by the Dozen”
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004), 116; and Lewis J. Paper,
Brandeis
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), 152. Brandeis attempted to set the record straight in 1914 in a letter to a Columbia University graduate student writing a history of
scientific management: Louis Brandeis to Horace Bookwalter Drury, January 31, 1914,
Letters of Louis D. Brandeis
, edited by Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1973), 3:240–41.

2.
Daniel Nelson,
Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980), 132.

3.
“Speedy Taylor”: Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 7. Taylor is buried in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. His tombstone reads, “Frederick Winslow Taylor. Born 1856—Died 1915. Father of Scientific Management.”

4.
Brandeis quoted in Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 433. Brandeis’s brief is most easily read in Louis D. Brandeis,
Scientific Management and Railroads
(New York: Engineering Magazine, 1911). For more on Brandeis’s infatuation with scientific management, see Philippa Strum,
Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1984), 161–62.

5.
Louis Brandeis, “Efficiency and Social Ideas,” 1914, in
Brandeis on Democracy
, ed. Philippa Strum (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 33.

6.
Acheson is quoted in Strum,
Brandeis on Democracy
, 12.

7.
On Taylor too busy to come, see Nelson,
Frederick W. Taylor
, 174.

8.
On Brandeis having read
Shop Management
in 1903, see Strum,
Brandeis
, 160.

9.
Portions of the transcript are reproduced in Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 431, but the original can be found in
Evidence Taken by the Interstate Commerce Commission in the Matter of Proposed Advances in Freight Rates by Carriers. August to December, 1910
, 61st Cong., 3:2022–24 (1911) (statement of Louis D. Brandeis, attorney).

10.
Frederick Winslow Taylor,
The Principles of Scientific Management
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911), 42–45; quote from 44–45.

11.
Edna Yost,
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Partners for Life
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949), 185–88.

12.
Taylor wrote a series of essays called “The Gospel of Efficiency” for
American Magazine
in 1911; “gospel of hope” comes from the preface to Brandeis,
Scientific Management
, n.p.

13.
Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 434. Lancaster,
Making Time
, 146.

14.
“Roads Could Save $1,000,000 a Day,”
New York Times
, November 22, 1910.

15.
Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 11.

16.
On the
Principles’
publishing history, see Daniel Nelson, “Taylor, Frederick Winslow,” in
American National Biography Online
(2000).

17.
Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 472.

18.
Ibid., 14.

19.
Matthew Stewart,
The Management Myth: Why the Experts Keep Getting It Wrong
(New York: Norton, 2009), 39–41.

20.
After Brandeis said scientific management could save the railroads $1 million a day, a group of railroad presidents sent him a tongue-in-cheek telegram offering him a job, at a salary of his own naming. Brandeis cabled back, straight-faced: Sure, but keep your money; I never accept payment when serving the public interest. Both telegrams are reproduced in Strum,
Brandeis
, 163. Brandeis actually paid his firm out of his own pocket to cover the time his pro bono work took from his billable hours. Philippa Strum, “Brandeis, Louis Dembitz,” in
American National Biography Online
(2000).

21.
Paper,
Brandeis
, 153.

22.
Stewart,
The Management Myth
, 48–50.

23.
Strum, “Brandeis, Louis Dembitz.”

24.
Strum,
Brandeis
, 166–67.

25.
Louis D. Brandeis, foreword (dated May 1912) to
Primer of Scientific Management
, by Frank B. Gilbreth, 2nd ed. (1912; repr., New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1914), vii–viii. Citations come from the 1914 edition.

26.
Terman’s results were as dodgy as Taylor’s. And he stood by them just as faithfully, thereby launching an industry: “The present methods of trying out new employees, transferring them to simpler and simpler jobs as their inefficiency becomes apparent, is wasteful and to a great extent unnecessary. A cheaper and more satisfactory method would be to
employ a psychologist to examine applicants for positions and to weed out the unfit.”
Lewis M. Terman,
The Measurement of Intelligence
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), 17–18; Stephen Jay Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
, rev. ed. (1981; repr., New York: Norton, 1996), 212. Citations come from the 1996 edition. For Terman’s own jury–rigged study of the IQ of “hoboes,” see Gould’s analysis at
182–83.

27.
The Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management: Hearings Before Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management
, H.R. 90, 3:1398–1400, 1478, 1456 (1912) (statement of Frederick W. Taylor, creator of scientific management).

28.
Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 481–82.

29.
Ibid., 514.

30.
Stephen Meyer III,
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981).

31.
Edmund Wilson,
American Jitters: A Year of the Slump
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932), 51.

32.
See Ruth Schwartz Cohen,
More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave
(New York: Basic Books, 1983), and Juliet Schor,
The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure
(New York: Basic Books, 1991).

33.
Michael R. Haines, “Table Ab1–10—Fertility and Mortality, by Race: 1800–2000,” in
Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition Online
, ed. Susan B. Carter et al. (1949; 1960; 1975; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

34.
On the birthing intervals, see Lancaster,
Making Time
, 97–98; on Mary’s death as a result of diphtheria, see 123–24. On
Cheaper by the Dozen
, see also Jane F. Levey, “Imagining the Family in U.S. Postwar Popular Culture: The Case of
The Egg and I
and
Cheaper by the Dozen
,”
Journal of Women’s
History
13 (2001): 125–50.

35.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 101.

36.
Ibid., 162.

37.
Ibid., 150.

38.
Frank Gilbreth to Lillian Gilbreth, [1922], Box 11, Folder 2, Gilbreth Papers, Purdue University.

39.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 117, 164–65. For more on the question of Lillian doing most of the writing, see Laurel D. Graham, “Domesticating Efficiency: Lillian Gilbreth’s Scientific Management of Homemakers, 1924–1930,”
Signs
24 (1999): 639.

40.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 127, 129. They lived at 71 Brown Street. Lillian M. Gilbreth,
As I Remember: An Autobiography
(Norcross, GA: Engineering and Management Press, 1998), 121.

41.
Gilbreth’s “Mother’s Daily Schedule” is reprinted in Lancaster,
Making Time
, 130.

42.
Hugh G. J. Aitken,
Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal: Scientific Management in Action, 1908–1915
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960). “Rough guess” is from 137. Regarding timing, etc., see especially 140–50. The petition is reprinted on 150.

43.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 143.

44.
L. M. Gilbreth,
The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste
(New York: Sturgis & Walton, 1914), 3.

45.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 161–62.

46.
The biography is Copley’s (1923); the reference to Gilbreth’s marginalia comes from Kanigel,
One Best Way
, 548. Gilbreth’s copy of Copley is at Purdue. More evidence of the falling-out: Frank B. Gilbreth and L. M. Gilbreth, “Time Study and Motion Study as Fundamental Factors in Planning and Control: An Indictment of Stop-Watch Time
Study” (paper, Taylor Society, New York, December 16, 1920), Box 27, Folder 4, Gilbreth Papers.

47.
Brandeis writes about attending the service in a letter to his brother, Alfred, on October 22, 1915;
Letters of Louis D. Brandeis
, 3:617.

48.
Louis D. Brandeis, “Testimony Before the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, January 23, 1915,” in Strum,
Brandeis on Democracy
, 96–104.

49.
Frank B. Gilbreth Jr.,
Time Out for Happiness
(New York: Crowell, 1970), 114.

50.
Aitken,
Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal
, 161.

51.
Remarks by Louis D. Brandeis in
Frederick Winslow Taylor: A Memorial Volume
(New York: Taylor Society, 1920), 72–76.

52.
Gilbreths’ labor policy: Graham, “Domesticating Efficiency,” 639–40.

53.
Said one member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, “The real crime of which this man is guilty is that he has exposed the iniquities of men in high places in our financial system.” Strum,
Brandeis on Democracy
, 15.

54.
Strum,
Brandeis
, 293–95.

55.
Strum,
Brandeis on Democracy
, 17.

56.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 164, 15. Frank B. Gilbreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth,
Fatigue Study: The Elimination of Humanity’s Greatest Unnecessary Waste; A First Step in Motion Study
(New York: Sturgis & Walton, 1916), 157, 100–102. The Gilbreths’ emphasis on reducing fatigue also led them to develop devices to aid the handicapped.
See especially Frank B. Gilbreth and L. M. Gilbreth, “Motion Study for Crippled Soldiers” (paper, meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Ohio, December 27, 1915, to January 1, 1916), Box 27, Folder 2, Gilbreth Papers.

57.
Remarks by Brandeis in
Taylor: A Memorial Volume
, 72–76; quote from 73.

58.
Gilbreth and Gilbreth,
Fatigue Study
, 149–50.

59.
Lillian M. Gilbreth to Frank B. Gilbreth, January 14, 1918, Box 11, Folder 10, Gilbreth Papers.

60.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 176.

61.
Ibid., 191, 182–83. See also Edna Yost, in collaboration with Lillian M. Gilbreth,
Normal Lives for the Disabled
(New York: Macmillan, 1944).

62.
“Following her husband’s orders, she sent his brain to Harvard Medical School.” Frank B. Gilbreth Jr.,
Time Out for Happiness
, 179.

63.
Lancaster,
Making Time
, 237, 244, 247. Vern L. Bullough, “Merchandizing the Sanitary Napkin: Lillian Gilbreth’s 1927 Survey,”
Signs
10 (1985): 615–27.

64.
Cohan,
More Work for Mother
, 5, 43–44; quote from 43.

65.
Home economics entered the curriculum from grade school through graduate programs between 1914 and 1917. See, e.g., Mary S. Hoffschwelle, “The Science of Domesticity: Home Economics at George Peabody College for Teachers, 1914–1939,”
Journal of Southern History
57 (November 1991): 659–80, especially 661, and Sarah Stage and Virginia B.
Vincenti, eds.,
Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); the introduction explains the history of the term.

66.
Frank B. Gilbreth Jr.,
Time Out for Happiness
, 127.

67.
Ibid., 1.

68.
Ibid., 209.

69.
Lillian Gilbreth’s decision to make this switch is in Graham, “Domesticating Efficiency.” On Frederick, see all of Frederick’s books, but especially the introduction to
The New Housekeeping.
Gilbreth considered Frederick a rival and seems to have been reluctant to help her out. Lillian M. Gilbreth to Frank B. Gilbreth, January 9, 1918:
“I have attempted a ‘foreword’ for Mrs. Christine Frederick’s book. Is it business to do one for her? I can’t decide” (Box 93, Folder 1, Gilbreth Library of Management, Purdue University). Frederick made money by endorsing products, which Lillian refused to do.

70.
Coffee cake: Frank B. Gilbreth Jr.,
Time Out for Happiness
, 213. “Making a
Lemon Meringue Pie: Original Layout of Kitchen Distance Walked, 224 Feet” and “Making a Lemon Meringue Pie: Improved Layout of Kitchen Distance Walked, 92 Feet” (blueprints), Box 71, Folder 1, Gilbreth Library of Management. On the Kitchen
Efficient, see Carroll W. Pursell,
White Heat:
People and Technology
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 104–5.