The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin (40 page)

Page 65
so unreachable for someone like Putin:
Author interview with Sergei Bezrukov, Düsseldorf, August 17, 2011.

Page 65
a former RAF member:
Author interview with the man, Bavaria, August 18, 2011; he asked that his name not be printed.

Page 65
every other officer … had his own office:
Usol’tsev, p. 62.

Page 66
Former agents estimate:
Usol’tsev, p. 105; author interview with Sergei Bezrukov, Düsseldorf, August 17, 2011.

Page 66
Putin’s biggest success:
Author interview with Sergei Bezrukov, Düsseldorf, August 17, 2011.

Page 66
The KGB leadership:
Bobkov.

Page 66
a public statement condemning secret-police crimes:
O. N. Ansberg and A. D. Margolis, eds.,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’ Leningrada v gody perestroiki, 1985–1991: Sbornik materialov
(St. Petersburg: Serebryany Vek, 2009), p. 192.

Page 68
demonstrations in East Germany continued:
Elizabeth A. Ten Dyke,
Dresden and the Paradoxes of Memory in History
(New York: Routledge, 2001).

Page 69
shoving papers into a wood-burning stove:
Gevorkyan et al.

Page 70
“I was scared to go into stores”:
Ludmila Putina, quoted ibid.

Page 70
“They cannot do this”:
Sergei Roldugin, quoted in Gevorkyan et al.

FOUR. ONCE A SPY

Page 74
“The people of our generation”:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 502.

Page 75
“stop misinforming people”:
Sergei Vasilyev, memoirs published in the
Obvodny Times
, vol. 4, no. 22 (April 2007), p. 8, quoted in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 447.

Page 75
“It seems, after the dust”:
Alexander Vinnikov,
Tsena svobody,
quoted in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 449.

Page 76
“We all found one another”:
Yelena Zelinskaya, “Vremya ne zhdet,”
Merkuriy
, vol. 3 (1987), quoted in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 41–42.

Page 76
a living page:
Vasilyev, quoted in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 447.

Page 76
a group of young Leningrad economists:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 47, 76.

Page 77
Leningrad saw its first political rally:
Ibid., pp. 51, 52, 54, 74.

Page 77
“The rules were, anyone could speak for five minutes”:
Ibid., p. 632.

Page 78
start eating their lemons:
Ibid., p. 633.

Page 79
a rally in memory of victims of political repression:
Ibid., p. 112.

Page 79
the People’s Front:
The first meeting of the People’s Front, held in Leningrad in August 1988, was attended by representatives of twenty organizations from different Russian cities and twelve more from other Soviet republics.
http://www.agitclub.ru/front/frontdoc/zanarfront1.htm
. Accessed Jan. 13, 2011.

Page 79
“An organization that aims”:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 119.

Page 80
“They would gather”:
Andrei Boltyansky, interview, 2008, ibid., p. 434.

Page 81
“With a cigarette dangling from her lips”:
Petr Shelish, interview, 2008,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 884 of the online version.

Page 81
conflict erupted between Azerbaijan and Armenia:
Thomas de Waal,
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
(New York: New York University Press, 2004).

Page 82
solidarity with the Armenian people:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 115.

Page 82
Armenian children from Sumgait:
Alexander Vinnikov, memoir, ibid., p. 450.

Page 82
Karabakh Committee:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 126.

Page 82
Article 70:
Article 70, Penal Code of the RSFSR.
http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/links/st70.htm
. Accessed Jan. 17, 2011.

Page 82
the last Article 70 case:
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 127.

Page 83
What the censors did not realize:
Natalya Serova, interview, ibid., p. 621.

Page 83
a new election law:
http://pravo.levonevsky.org/baza/soviet/sssr1440.htm
. Accessed Jan. 17, 2011.

Page 83
A committee called Election-89:
A flyer put out by the committee Election-89; reproduced in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 139–40.

Page 84
“I have a dream”:
Anatoly Sobchak,
Zhila-Byla Kommunisticheskaya partiya
, pp. 45–48, cited in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 623.

Page 85
“Get that away from me”:
Yury Afanasiev, interviewed by Yevgeni Kiselev on Echo Moskvy, 2008.
http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/all/548798-echo/
. Accessed Jan. 18, 2011.

Page 86
Tens, possibly hundreds, of thousands:
Alexander Nikishin, “Pokhorony akademika A. D. Sakharova,”
Znamya
, no. 5 (1990), pp. 178–88.

Page 86
Thousands of people fell into formation:
“A. D. Sakharov,”
Voskreseniye
, vol. 33, no. 65.
http://piter.anarhist.org/fevral12.htm
. Accessed Jan. 18, 2011.

Page 87
his last time up on the podium:
Alexander Vinnikov, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 453.

Page 87
“The following day”:
Marina Salye, interview, 2008,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 615–16.

Page 88
she needed immunity from prosecution:
Ibid.

Page 89
“That is not your seat”:
Igor Kucherenko, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 556.

Page 90
the first meeting of the first democratically elected:
Alexander Vinnikov, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, online version only, pp. 568–69.

Page 90
“It was fantastical”:
Viktor Voronkov, interview, 2008,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 463.

Page 90
“an acute sense of democracy”:
Nikolai Girenko, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 473.

Page 90
“The Mariinsky took on the look”:
Viktor Veniaminov, memoir,
Avtobiografiya Peterburgskogo gorsoveta
, p. 620, cited in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 449.

Page 90
“People had so longed to be heard”:
Bella Kurkova, memoir, in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 552.

Page 91
“I wish someone”:
Author interview with Marina Salye, March 14, 2010.

Page 91
“could derail a working meeting”:
Vladimir Gelman, interview,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 471.

Page 92
he opposed changing the name:
Dmitry Gubin, “Interview predsedatelya Lenosveta A. A. Sobchaka,”
Ogonyok
, no. 28 (1990), cited in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 269.

Page 92
honored their agreement:
Alexander Vinnikov, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 453–54.

Page 92
“We realized our mistake”:
Author interview with Marina Salye, March 14, 2010; Vinnikov, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’,
pp. 453–54.

Page 93
“There were officers”:
Bakatin, p. 138.

Page 94
“The KGB, as it existed”:
Ibid., pp. 36–37.

Page 95
he planned to start writing a dissertation:
Gevorkyan et al.

Page 95
“I remember the scene well”:
Ibid.

Page 96
“Putin was most certainly”:
Anatoly Sobchak, interview,
Literaturnaya Gazeta
, February 2000, pp. 23–29, cited in
Anatoly Sobchak: Kakim on byl
(Moscow: Gamma-Press, 2007), p. 20.

Page 97
A former colleague:
Author interview with Sergei Bezrukov, Düsseldorf, August 17, 2011.

Page 98
“I told them, ‘I have received’”:
Gevorkyan et al.

Page 98
the Committee for Constitutional Oversight:
Komitet Konstitutsionnogo Nadzora SSSR, 1989–91.
http://www.panorama.ru/ks/iz8991.shtml
. Accessed March 8, 2011.

Page 98
the KGB ignored it:
Bakatin, 135.

Page 98
conducted round-the-clock surveillance:
Ibid.

Page 98
he claimed not to report to the KGB:
Gevorkyan et al.

Page 99
“It was a very difficult decision”:
Ibid.

FIVE. A COUP AND A CRUSADE

Page 102
pogroms broke out in the streets:
“Playing the Communal Card: Communal Violence and Human Rights,” Human Rights Watch report.
http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/communal/
. Accessed Jan. 26, 2011.

Page 102
ration cards:
Leningradskaya pravda
, Nov. 28, 1990, cited in
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 299.

Page 103
The city came perilously close:
Vladimir Monakhov, interview,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 574.

Page 103
Former dissident and political prisoner Yuli Rybakov:
Yuli Rybakov, interview,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, p. 610.

Page 104
sugar disappeared:
Vladimir Belyakov, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 425–26.

Page 105
“And we get there”:
Author interview with Marina Salye, March 14, 2010.

Page 106
Some people even claimed to know the date:
Alexander Konanykhin.
http://www.snob.ru/go-to-comment/305858
. Accessed March 10, 2011.

Page 108
promises to the people:
“Obrashcheniye k sovetskomu narodu,” in Y. Kazarin and B. Yakovlev,
Smert’ zagovora: Belaya kniga
(Moscow: Novosti, 1992), pp. 12–16.

Page 108
“taking into account the needs”:
Kazarin and Yakovlev,
Smert’ zagovora,
p. 7.

Page 109
Igor Artemyev:
Igor Artemyev, memoir,
Obshchestvennaya zhizn’
, pp. 407–8.