The Life of the Mind (70 page)

91. Quoted from Vogt, op.
cit.,
p. 93.

92. Hoeres, op.
cit.,
p. 197.

93. Bettoni,
Duns Scotus,
p. 122.

94. Bonansea,
op. cit.,
p. 120.

95.
Ibid.,
p. 119.

96.
Ibid.,
p. 120.

97.
On the Trinity,
bk. X, chap, viii, 11.

98. Bettoni,
Duns Scotus,
p. 40.

99. I have used for my interpretation the following Latin text from the
Opus Oxoniense
IV, dist. 49, qu. 4, nn. 5–9: "Si
enim accipiatur quietatio pro ... conséquente operationem perfectam, concedo quod illam quietationem praecedit perfecta consecutio finis; si autem accipiatur quietatio pro actu quietativo in fine, dico quod actus amandi, qui naturaliter praecedit delectationem, quietat iRo modo, quia potentia operativa non quietatur in obiecto, nisi per operationem perfectam, per quam attingit obiectum.
"

I propose the following translation: "For if quietude is accepted as following upon the perfect operation, I admit that a perfect attainment of the end precedes this quietude; if, however, quietude is accepted for an act resting in its end, I say that the act of loving, which naturally precedes delight, brings quiet in such a way that the acting faculty does not come to rest in the object except through the perfect operation by which it attains the object."

100. B643-B645, Smith trans., pp. 515–516.

 

Chapter IV

1. Lewis White Beck,
op. cit.,
p. 41.

2. For Pascal, see
Pensées,
no. 81, Pantheon ed.; no. 438 [257], Pléiade ed.; and "Sayings Attributed to Pascal" in
Pensées,
Penguin ed., p. 356. For Donne, see "An Anatomy of the World; The First Anniversary."

3.
The Will to Power,
no. 487, p. 269.

4.
Ibid.,
no. 419, p. 225.

5. Heidegger, in "Überwindung der Metaphysik,"
op. cit.,
p. 83.

6. For this and the following, see especially Edgar Zilsel, "The
Genesis
of the Concept of Scientific Progress," in
Journal of the History of Ideas,
1945, vol. VI, p. 3.

7. Zilsel thus finds the genesis of the Progress concept in the experience and "intellectual attitude" of "superior artisans."

8.
Préface pour le Traité du Vide,
Pléiade ed., p. 310.

9. VII, 803c.

10. See Kant,
Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View
(1784), Introduction, in
Kant on History,
ed. Lewis White Beck, Library of Liberal Arts, Indianapolis, New York, 1963, pp. 11–12.

11.
Ibid.,
Third Thesis. Author's translation.

12. Schelling,
Of Human Freedom,
p. 351.

13.
Ibid.,
p. 350.

14. Trans. F. D. Wieck and J. G. Gray, New York, Evanston, London, 1968, p. 91.

15.
Vorträge und Aufsätze,
p. 89.

16.
The Will to Power,
no. 419, pp. 225–226.

17.
Critique of Pure Reason,
B478.

18.
Human All Too Human,
no. 2, in
The Portable Nietzsche,
p. 51.

19.
The Will to Power,
no. 90, p. 55.

20.
Ibid.,
no. 1041, p. 536.

21."An Anatomy of the World; The First Anniversary."

22.
The Will to Power,
no. 95, p. 59.

23.
Ibid.,
no. 84, p. 52.

24.
Ibid.,
no. 668, p. 353. Author's translation.

25.
Nietzsche,
vol. I, p. 70.

26. No. 19.

27.
Ibid.
Italics added.

28.
The Will to Power,
no. 693, p. 369.

29.
Ibid.,
no. 417, p. 224.

30. See chap. Ill, p. 142.

31. In
Aufzeichnung zum
IV,
Teil von
"Also Sprach Zarathustra," quoted from Heidegger,
Was Heisst Denken?,
p. 46.

32.
The Will to Power,
no. 667, p. 352. Author's translation.

33.
The Gay Science,
trans. Walter Kaufmann, Vintage Books, New York, 1974, bk. IV, no. 310, pp. 247–248.

34. See
Thinking,
chap. II, pp. 98–110.

35.
Toward a Genealogy of Morals,
no. 28.

36.
The Will to Power,
no. 689, p. 368.

37.
The Gay Science,
bk. IV, no. 341, pp. 273–274.

38.
The Will to Power,
no. 664, p. 350.

39.
Ibid.,
no. 666, pp. 351–352. Author's translation.

40.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra,
pt. II, "On Self-Overcoming," in
The Portable Nietzsche,
p. 227.

41.
The Will to Power,
no. 660, p. 349.

42.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra,
pt. II, "On Redemption," in
The Portable Nietzsche,
p. 251.

43.
The Will to Power,
no. 585 A, pp. 316–319.

44.
The Gay Science,
bk. IV, no. 324. Author's translation.

45. See chap. II, pp. 73–84.

46.
The Will to Power,
no. 585 A, p. 318.

47. See
Twilight of the Idols,
especially "The Four Great Errors," in
The Portable Nietzsche,
pp. 500–501.

48.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra,
pt. II, in
The Portable Nietzsche,
p. 252.

49.
The Will to Power,
no. 708, pp. 377–378.

50.
The Gay Science,
bk. IV, no. 276, p. 223.

51.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra,
pt. Ill, "Before Sunrise," also "The Seven Seals (or: The Yes and Amen Song)," in
The Portable Nietzsche,
pp. 276–279 and 340–343.

52. See the excellent
Index
to Heidegger's whole work up to and including
Wegmarken
(1968) by Hildegard Feick, 2nd ed., Tübingen, 1968. Under "
Wille Wollen,
" the
Index
refers the reader to "
Sorge, Subjekt
" and quotes one sentence from
Sein und Zeit: "Wollen und Wünschen sind im Dasein als Sorge verwurzelt.
" I have mentioned that the modern emphasis on the future as the predominant tense showed itself in Heidegger's singling out Care as the dominating existential in his early analyses of human existence. If one rereads the corresponding sections in
Sein und Zeit
(especially no. 41), it is evident that he later used certain characteristics of Care for his analysis of the Will.

53. New York, 1971, p. 112.

54. First edition, Frankfurt, 1949, p. 17.

55.
Die Selbstbehauptung der deutschen Universität
(The Self-Assertion of the German University).

56. Mehta,
op. cit.,
p. 43.

57. "Brief über den 'Humanismus,'"
Piatons Lehre von der Wahrheit,
Bern, 1947, p. 57; translation quoted from Mehta,
op. cit.,
p. 114.

58. "Brief über den 'Humanismus,'" p. 47.

59. Vol. II, p. 468.

60. "Brief über den 'Humanismus,'" p. 53; translation quoted from Mehta,
op. cit.,
p. 114.

61. "Brief über den 'Humanismus,'" pp. 46–47.

62.
Nietzsche,
vol. I, p. 624.

63.
The Will to Power,
no. 708. Author's translation.

64.
Nietzsche,
vol. II, p. 272. In Mehta,
op. cit.,
p. 179.

65.
Nietzsche,
vol. I, pp. 63–64.

66.
Ibid.,
p. 161.

67.
Ibid.,
vol. II, p. 462.

68.
Ibid.,
p. 265.

69.
Ibid.,
p. 267.

70. Pp. 92–93. Author's translation.

71.
Gelassenheit,
p. 33;
Discourse on Thinking,
p. 60.

72.
Laws,
I, 644.

73.
The Will to Power,
no. 90, p. 55.

74.
Die Technik und die Kehre,
Pfullingen, 1962, p. 40.

75. Quoted from Jean Beaufret,
Dialogue avec Heidegger,
Paris, 1974, vol. Ill, p. 204.

76. Valéry,
Tel quel,
in
Oeuvres de Paul Valéry,
Pléiade ed., Dijon, 1960, vol. II, p. 560.

77.
Sein und Zeit,
no. 57, pp. 276–277.

78.
Ibid.,
no. 53, p. 261.

79.
Vorträge und Aufsätze,
pp. 177 and 256.

80. No. 54, p. 267.

81.
Ibid.,
no. 41, p. 187, and no. 53, p. 263.

82. Bergson,
Time and Free Will,
pp. 128–130, 133.

83.
Ibid.,
pp. 138–143; cf. p. 183.

84. Bergson,
Creative Mind,
trans. Mabelle L. Andison, New York,. 1946, pp. 27 and 22.

85. Pp. 63–64.

86. No. 34, p. 162.

87. Pp. 329 and 470–471.

88. Nos. 54–59. See especially pp. 268 ff.

89.
Ibid.,
no. 58, p. 287.

90.
Ibid.,
p. 284.

91.
Ibid.,
nos. 59–60, pp. 294–295.

92.
Ibid.,
no. 60, p. 300.

93.
Ibid.,
no. 34, p. 163.

94.
Ibid.,
no. 59, p. 294.

95.
Ibid.,
nos. 59–60, p. 295.

96. I use and quote throughout David Farrell Krells translation, first published in
Arion,
New Series, vol. 1, no. 4, 1975, pp. 580–581.

97. The whole citation, from which I quote, in my own translation, reads as follows: "Wir
leben ... als ob wir pochend vor den Toren ständen, die noch geschlossen sind. Bis heute geschieht vielleicht im ganz Intimen, was so noch keine Welt begründet, sondern nur dem Einzelnen sich schenkt, was aber vielleicht eine Welt begründen wird, wenn es aus der Zerstreuung sich begegnet.
" I suppose that the speech at Geneva was published in the magazine
Wandlung,
but have drawn on the preface to
Sechs Essays,
Heidelberg, 1948, a collection of essays I wrote during the nineteen-forties.

98. "The Anaximander Fragment,"
Arion,
p. 584.

99.
Ibid.,
p. 596.

100. "Brief über den 'Humanismus,'" now in
Wegmarken,
Frankfurt, 1967, p. 191.

101. "The Anaximander Fragment,"
Arion,
p. 595.

102. Frag. 123.

103. P. 591.

104.
Ibid.,
p. 596.

105.
Ibid.,
p. 591.

106.
Ibid.,
p. 618.

107.
Ibid., p.
591.

108.
Ibid.,
p. 592.

109.
Ibid.,
p. 609.

110.
Ibid.,
p. 626.

111. Unpublished poem, written around 1950.

112. P. 611.

113.
Ibid.,
p. 609.

114. To avoid misunderstandings: both quotations are so well known that they are part of the German language. Every German-speaking person will spontaneously think along these lines without necessarily having been influenced by Goethe.

115. P. 623.

116. Heidegger,
Sein und Zeit,
no. 57.

117. Thomas Kuhn,
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,
Chicago, 1962, p. 172.

118.
The Lives of a Cell,
New York, 1974.

119. See
Newsweek,
June 24, 1974, p. 89.

120.
Ibid.

121.
Esprit des Lois,
bk. XII, chap. 2.

122.
Ibid.,
bk. XI, chap. 6.

123. Quoted from Franz Neumann's introduction to Montesquieu's
The Spirit of the Laws,
trans. Thomas Nugent, New York, 1949, p. xl.

124.
Esprit des Lois,
bk. XI, chap. 3.

125.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap. 1, bk. XXVI, chaps. 1 and 2.

126. See, for instance, R. W. B. Lewis, "Homer and Virgil—The Double Themes,"
Furioso,
Spring, 1950, p. 24; "The recurrent explicit references to the
Iliad
in those books [of the
Aeneid]
are there not in way of parallel, but in the way of reversal."

127.
Critique of Pure Reason,
B478.

128.
Aeneid,
bk. Ill, 1–12, in
Virgil's Works,
trans. William C. McDermott, Modern Library, New York, 1950, p. 44.

129. The Fourth Eclogue.

130. I borrowed this felicitous term for communities from the highly instructive essay "The Character of the Modern European State" in Michael Oakeshott's
On Human Conduct,
Oxford, 1975, p. 199.

131.
De Republica,
I, 7.

132.
Oeuvres,
ed. Laponneraye, 1840, vol. Ill, p. 623;
The Works of lohn Adams,
ed. Charles Francis Adams, Boston, 1850–1856, vol. VI, 1851, p. 281.

133. VI, 790–794.

134. The Fourth Eclogue.

135. There exists an enormous literature on this subject; quite instructive is
Die Aeneis und Homer
by Georg Nikolaus Knauer, Göttingen, 1964. Virgil's "
Homerauffassung scheint mir von der spezifisch römischen Denkform persönlicher Verpflichtung geprägt zu sein, die dem Römer auferlegte, nach dem aus der Vergangenheit überkommenen Vorbild der Ahnen Ruhm und Glanz der eigenen Familie und des Staates durch Verwirklichung im Heute für die Zukunft der Nachfahren zu bewahren,
" p. 357.

136.
Aeneid,
bk. VII, 206.

137. Quoted from George Steiner,
After Babel,
New York and London, 1975, p. 132.

138. R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888), German mathematical physicist, who enunciated the second law of thermodynamics, introduced the entropy concept (energy unavailable for useful work in a thermodynamic system, represented by the symbol φ). "Postulating that the entropy of the universe is increasing continuously, he predicted that it would expire of "heat death' when everything within it attained the same temperature."
Columbia Encyclopedia,
3rd ed. (Ed.)