The Knight in History (41 page)

77.
Ibid., pp. 124–125.

78.
Ibid., p. 127.

79.
Gesta
, pp. 90–91.

80.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 127–128; Raymond is paraphrasing
Revelations
, XIV:20.

81.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 77.

82.
William of Tyre,
A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
, trans. by Emily Atwater Babcock and A. C. Krey, 2 vols., New York, 1943, Vol. I, p. 371.

83.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 128.

84.
Ibid., p. 17.

85.
Ibid., p. 79.

86.
Ibid., p. 85.

87.
Gesta
, p. 15.

88.
Ibid., p. 80.

89.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 39.

90.
Fulcher of Chartres, in Peters,
First Crusade
, p. 61.

91.
Raymond d’Aguilers,
Historia
, p. 116.

1.
Biographies des Troubadours
, ed. by Jean Boutière and A.-H. Schutz, Toulouse and Paris, 1950, pp. 14–15.

2.
Raymond of Durfort, as quoted in L. T. Topsfield,
Troubadours and Love
, Cambridge, Eng., 1976, p. 195.

3.
Les Poésies d’Arnaut Daniel
, ed. by René Lavaud, Toulouse, 1910, p. 28, verse IV, line 49.

4.
Ibid., p. 80, verse XII, lines 57–58.

5.
Biographies
, pp. 15–16.

6.
Dante,
Purgatorio
, XXVI, line 119. When Dante makes Arnaut speak, he does so in Provençal (lines 140–147). Modern critic and translator James Wilhelm calls Arnaut “a poet’s poet.”

7.
On early medieval poetry: Reto R. Bezzola,
Les Origines et la formation de la littérature courtoise en Occident (500–1200)
, 3 vols., Paris, 1944–1963, Vol. I; Peter Dronke,
The Medieval Lyric
, London, 1968, and
Medieval Latin and the Rise of the European Love Lyric
, Oxford, 1965; Helen Waddell,
Mediaeval Latin Lyrics
, London, 1929.

8.
A. Jeanroy,
La Poésie lyrique des troubadours
, 2 vols., Toulouse, 1934, Vol. I, pp. 321–325.

9.
Biographies
, pp. 210–211.

10.
Ibid., p. 23.

11.
Ibid., pp. 408–409.

12.
Meg Bogin,
The Women Troubadours
, New York, 1976.

13.
Topsfield,
Troubadours and Love
, p. 3. General works on troubadour poetry also include: Jeanroy,
La Poésie lyrique des troubadours
; James Wilhelm,
Seven Troubadours, the Creators of Modern Verse
, University Park, Pa., 1970; Linda M. Paterson,
Troubadours and Eloquence
, Oxford, 1975; Hendrik Van der Werf,
The Chansons of the Troubadours and Trouvères, A Study of the Melodies and Their Relation to the Poems
, Utrecht, 1972. An anthology of troubadour poetry that includes a vocabulary and basic grammar of the
langue d’oc
is: Raymond T. Hill and Thomas G. Bergin,
Anthology of the Provençal Troubadours
, 2 vols., New Haven, Conn., 1973. A small selection of troubadour verse is translated in: Anthony Bonner,
Songs of the Troubadours
, New York, 1972.

14.
Christopher Dawson,
Medieval Essays
, New York, 1952, p. 230. See also: Julian Ribera y Tarrago,
Music in Ancient Arabia and Spain
, trans. by Eleanor Hague and Marion Leffingwell, New York, 1970, pp. 113–114; A. R. Nykl,
Hispano-Arabic Poetry and Its Relations with the Old Provençal Troubadours
, Baltimore, 1946; A. J. Denomy, “Concerning the Accessibility of Arabic Influence to the Earliest Provençal Troubadours,”
Medieval Studies
15 (1953), pp. 147–158.

15.
Ordericus Vitalis,
The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy
, trans. by Marjorie Chibnall, 4 vols., Oxford, 1975, pp. 342–343.

16.
Biographies
, p. 7.

17.
William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum
, V, as translated in Topsfield,
Troubadours
, p. 12.

18.
A recent edition of Guillem’s work, with English translations, is:
The Poetry of William VII, Count of Poitiers, IX Duke of Aquitaine
, ed. and trans. by Gerald A. Bond, New York, 1982.

19.
Ibid., pp. 10–13.

20.
Provençal original, ibid., pp. 36–38 (translation by author).

21.
Gaston Paris, “Lancelot du Lac: 2, Le conte de la charette,”
Romania
12 (1883), p. 519.

22.
Ibid., pp. 459–534.

23.
John F. Benton, “Clio and Venus: An Historical View of Medieval Love,” in F. X. Newman, ed.,
The Meaning of Courtly Love
, Albany, N.Y., 1968, pp. 19–42.

24.
Lambert of Ardres,
Historia comitum Ghisnensium
, quoted in Georges Duby,
Medieval Marriage
, trans. by Elborg Forster, Baltimore, 1978, pp. 93–94. (An expanded version of this book has recently been published under the title
The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest
, trans. by Barbara Bray, New York, 1983).

25.
Bogin,
The Women Troubadours
, p. 55.

26.
Duby, “Youth in Aristocratic Society,” in
The Chivalrous Society
, pp. 112–122.

27.
Biographies
, p. 167.

28.
Ibid., p. 142.

29.
Ibid., p. 231.

30.
Ibid., p. 267.

31.
Ibid., pp. 149–150.

32.
Ibid., p. 199.

33.
Ibid., pp. 285–306.

34.
Ibid., pp. 530–533.

35.
Joan M. Ferrante,
Woman as Image in Medieval Literature from the Twelfth Century to Dante
, New York, 1975.

36.
Ezra Pound,
Personae
, New York, 1926, pp. 105–107.

37.
Arnaut Daniel’s works are available in four editions: U. A. Canello,
La vita e le opere del trovatore Arnaldo Daniello
, Halle, 1883; Lavaud,
Arnaut Daniel
; G. Toja,
Arnaut Daniel, Canzoni
, Florence, 1960; James Wilhelm, ed. and trans.,
The Poetry of Arnaut Daniel
, New York, 1981.

38.
Wilhelm,
Arnaut Daniel
, pp. 74–77.

39.
Ibid., pp. 34–39.

40.
Petrarch,
Trionfi
, in
Rime, canzonìere, trionfi, estravaganti
, ed. Attilio Nulli, Milan, 1956, p. 266 (“Triumphus cupidinis,” IV, lines 40–43).

41.
Provençal text from Lavaud,
Arnaut Daniel
, pp. 58–69; translation from Bonner,
Songs of the Troubadours
, pp. 162–163.

42.
Dante,
De vulgari eloquentia
, ed. Pier Vincenzo Mengaldo, Padua, 1968, pp. 43–44 (II vi).

43.
Provençal text from Lavaud,
Arnaut Daniel
, pp. 92–96; translation from Ezra Pound,
Translations
, London, 1953, pp. 178–181.

44.
Hill and Bergin,
Anthology of the Provençal Troubadours
, Vol. I, p. 34.

45.
Provençal text from Wilhelm,
Poetry of Arnaut Daniel
, pp. 2–4; translation from Bonner,
Songs of the Troubadours
, 161–162.

46.
Dante,
Purgatorio
, XXVI, line 117.

47.
Raimon de Miraval,
Du jeu subtil à l’amour fou
, ed. by René Nelli, Paris, 1979, p. 186.

48.
Ronald J. Taylor,
The Art of the Minnesinger
, 2 vols., Cardiff, Wales, 1968; Margaret F. Richey,
Essays on the Medieval German Love Lyric
, Oxford, 1943; Richey, ed.,
Selected Poems of Walther von der Vogelweide
, Oxford, 1948; P. B. Salmon,
Literature in Medieval Germany
, London, 1967, pp. 60–114.

49.
Le Chanson de Roland
, ed. by T. Atkinson Jenkins, Boston, 1924, pp. 171–172.

50.
An account of the historiography of King Arthur is: Robert H. Fletcher,
The Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, Especially Those of Great Britain and France
, New York, 1965 (reprint of 1905 edition).

51.
William of Malmesbury,
Chronicle of the Kings of England
, ed. and trans. by J. A. Giles, New York, 1968 (reprint of 1847 edition).

52.
Geoffrey of Monmouth,
The History of the Kings of Britain
, trans. by Lewis Thorpe, Harmondsworth, Eng., 1980 (first published in 1966).

53.
Ibid., p. 222.

54.
Ibid., p. 229.

55.
Ibid., p. 230.

56.
Wace and Layamon, Arthurian Chronicles
, ed. and trans. by Eugene Mason, London, 1962.

57.
Ibid., p. 55.

58.
Ibid., p. 43.

59.
Ibid., p. 264.

60.
R. S. Loomis,
Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
, Oxford, 1959.

61.
R. S. Loomis,
Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes
, New York, 1949; Jean Frappier,
Chrétien de Troyes, the Man and His Work
, trans. by Raymond J. Cormier, Athens, Ohio, 1982; Urban Tigner Holmes and Sister M. Amelia Klenke,
Chrétien, Troyes, and the Grail
, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959; L. T. Topsfield,
Chrétien de Troyes, a Study of the Arthurian Romances
, Cambridge, Eng., 1981; John F. Benton, “The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center,”
Speculum
36 (1961), pp. 560–563, 585–591.

62.
Margaret F. Richey,
Studies of Wolfram von Eschenbach, with Translations
, Edinburgh, 1957.

63.
H. Oskar Sommer, ed.,
The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances, Edited from Manuscripts in the British Museum
, 6 vols., New York, 1969, Vols. II to V,
Lancelot
.

64.
Chrétien de Troyes,
Le Roman de Perceval ou le conte du Graal
, ed. by William Roach, Geneva, 1956, pp. 16–17, lines 1725–1766.

65.
Ibid., p. 48, lines 2827–2830.

66.
Ibid., p. 49, lines 2848–2862.

67.
Sommer, ed.,
Lancelot
, Vol. III, pp. 113–118.

68.
L’Ordene de chevalerie
, ed. by Roy Temple House, Chicago, 1918.

69.
Raymond Lull,
The Book of the Ordre of Chivalry
, ed. by Alfred T. P. Byles, London, 1926.

70.
Ruth Huff Cline, “The Influences of Romances on Tournaments of the Middle Ages,”
Speculum
20 (1945), pp. 204–211; R. S. Loomis, “Edward I, Arthurian Enthusiast,”
Speculum
28 (1953); Loomis, “Arthurian Influence on Sport and Spectacle,” in
Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
, pp. 553–559; Loomis, “Chivalric and Dramatic Imitations of Arthurian Romance,” in
Medieval Studies in Memory of A. K. Porter
, Cambridge, Mass., 1939, pp. 79–97.

1.
L’Histoire de Guillaume Maréchal
, ed. by Paul Meyer, 3 vols., Paris, 1901 (henceforth referred to as
H.G.M.
). Sidney Painter’s biography,
William Marshal, Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England
, Baltimore, 1971 (first published in 1933), is based largely on Meyer’s edition of
H.G.M.

2.
Painter,
William Marshal
, pp. 3–4.

3.
Ibid., pp. 4–10.

4.
H.G.M.
, Vol. I, pp. 15–20, lines 400–538.

5.
Ibid., Vol. I, p. 22, lines 592–594.

6.
Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 22–24, lines 595–650.