The Invention of Nature (75 page)

Chaptal, Jean Antoine

Charles X, King of France

Chateaubriand, François-René, Vicomte de, 10.1, 11.1

Chimborazo (volcano, Ecuador): AH climbs, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1; pictured, 7.3, 12.1; AH sketches, 7.4, 10.2; and Naturgemälde, 7.5, 10.3; Bolívar on, 12.2, 12.3

China: AH crosses border into

Church, Frederic Edwin: The Heart of the Andes (painting)

cinchona tree, 7.1, 21.1

Ciudad Bolívar see Angostura

Clark, William, 8.1, 19.1

climate: AH on science of, 14.1, 18.1

climate change: and human intervention, 4.1, 4.2, 16.1; UN report on, bm1.1

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: influenced by AH, prl.1, 13.1; on oneness with nature, 2.1; attends Davy’s lectures, 11.1; opposes scientific method, 19.1

colonialism: AH condemns, prl.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; and effect on environment, prl.2, 4.1, 8.2; Spanish, 3.1, 3.2, 4.2, 8.3, 9.2, 11.1, 12.2, 13.3, 14.1, 16.2, 16.3, 20.1; and slavery, 4.3, 8.4, bm1.1; and treatment of indigenous peoples, 5.1; Jefferson opposes, 8.5, 12.3; Bolívar rebels against, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 14.2, 15.1, 20.2; see also India

Como, Lake (Italy)

Concord, Massachusetts, 19.1, 19.2

Condamine, Charles-Marie de la, 6.1, 10.1

Confederation of the Rhine

Constantinople: Marsh in

Cook, Captain James, 1.1, 6.1

Copernicus, Nicolaus, prl.1, 2.1

Cosmos. A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe (AH): title, prl.1, 18.1; international contributions to, 18.2; writing and organization, 18.3, 18.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3; on dynamic change, 18.5; publication, 18.6, 18.7, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6; contents, 18.8, 22.1; Darwin reads, 18.9; English translations, 18.10; reception, 18.11; Emerson reads, 18.12; Thoreau reads, 19.1; proposed abridgement, 20.7; and Darwinism, 22.2; influence on Haeckel, 22.3; Muir reads, 23.1

Cotopaxi (volcano, Ecuador), 6.1, 7.1

Cotta, Johann Georg von

creoles: status in Spanish America, 4.1, 9.1

crocodiles: on Orinoco, 5.1, 17.1

Cruz, José de la, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1

Cuba, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 23.1

Cumaná (Venezuela), 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 17.1

curare

Cuvier, Georges, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1, 14.2

Darwin, Charles: praises AH, prl.1, 20.1; on origin of species, prl.2; theory of evolution, prl.3, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; and adaptation of life forms, 2.1; and grandfather Erasmus’s Loves of the Plants, 2.2; requests copy of AH’s Views of Nature, 10.1; influenced by AH’s Personal Narrative, 13.1, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 18.2, 20.2; Lyell supports, 14.1; gives up medical studies, 14.2, 17.7; on Beagle expedition, 17.8, 17.9; seasickness, 17.10, 17.11; background, 17.12; and Lyell’s Principles of Geology, 17.13; returns to England (1836), 17.14; intense work and writings, 17.15; on species distribution, 17.16, 18.3; notebook references to AH, 17.17; on predatory nature, 17.18; AH meets, 18.4; ill health, 18.5; marriage, 18.6; reads AH’s Cosmos, 18.7; unaware of AH’s death, 20.3; death, 20.4; racial theories, 22.1; accused of heresy, 22.2; Haeckel reads and champions, 22.3; Haeckel meets, 22.4; Origin of Species, 10.2, 17.19, 18.8, 20.5, 22.5; Voyage of the Beagle, 17.20, 18.9; Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 17.21

Darwin, Emma (née Wedgwood; Charles’s wife)

Darwin, Erasmus (Charles’s grandfather): on evolution of species, 17.1; The Loves of the Plants (poem), 2.1, 17.2; Zoomania, 17.3, 17.4

Darwin, Henrietta (Charles’s daughter)

Darwin, Robert (Charles’s father), 14.1, 17.1, 17.2

Davy, Sir Humphry, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1

deforestation: AH warns against, prl.1; and climate change, 4.1, 4.2; AH’s views on, 16.1; Thoreau on, 19.1; Marsh on, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2; Madison warns against, 21.3; Muir on, 23.3

Descartes, René, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 13.1

Description de l’Égypte

Deutsche Bund (German Confederation)

diamonds: AH finds in Russia

Diderot, Denis (ed.): Encyclopédie

Dolores (Mexico)

earth: age and formation, 2.1, 6.1, 14.1, 15.1

earthquakes, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 23.1

East India Company (British), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 14.2

ecology: Humboldt’s observations on, 4.1; Haeckel coins word, 22.1

Edinburgh Review

Edward VII, King of Great Britain: christening

Egypt: Napoleon’s expedition to, 3.1, 11.1

Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 16.1, 16.2

electric eels, 5.1, 10.1

Elgin Marbles

Emerson, Edward

Emerson, Lydian

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: on AH’s observation, prl.1; Transcendentalism, 2.1, 19.1; relations with Thoreau, 4.1, 19.2, 19.3; inspired by AH’s Views of Nature, 10.1; reads Cosmos, 18.1; visits Muir in California, 23.1

empiricism, 2.1, 10.1

Encke, Johann Franz

Endeavour (ship)

Enlightenment: in AH’s education, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1; in Saxe-Weimar, 2.1; on external and internal worlds, 2.2; Bolívar embraces ideas, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1; and rationalism, 10.1

Erie Canal (USA)

Ernst Ludwig I, King of Hanover

Essay on the Geography of Plants (AH): publication, 10.1, 10.2; frontispiece and dedication to Goethe, 10.3; Spanish translation, 12.1; and shifting of tectonic plates, 15.1

Evelyn, John: Sylva

evolution: Darwin’s theory of, prl.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; AH propounds, 10.1, 17.3; Haeckel supports, 22.1

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 12.1, 12.2

finches (birds): on Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

FitzRoy, Captain Robert: as captain of Beagle, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5; qualities and moods, 17.6; on Darwin’s enthusiasm, 17.7

Floyd, John B.

Fontane, Theodor

Forest Reserves Act (USA, 1891), 21.1

forests: in ecosystem, 4.1, 16.1, 21.1; see also deforestation; rainforest

Forster, Georg

Fox, William Darwin

Fragmens de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques (AH), 16.1, 17.1

France: revolution and wars, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1; equality in, 8.2; sells North American territory to USA, 8.3, 12.1; military defeats, 11.1; monarchy restored under Louis XVIII and Charles X, 14.1

Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de

Frankfurt am Main: National Assembly (1849)

Frankfurt an der Oder, 1.1, 10.1

Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1

Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

Freiberg: mining academy

French Revolution (1789), 1.1, 8.1, 9.1

Fried, Erich

Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, 1.1, 10.1

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia: awards pension and court appointment to AH, 10.1, 14.1; character, 10.2; neutrality in Napoleonic Wars, 10.3; and Prussian peace mission to Paris (1807), 10.4; AH accompanies to London (1814), 13.1; finances AH’s expedition to Asia, 14.2; urges AH to return to Berlin, 14.3; AH joins court, 14.4; death, 18.1

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4

Gaia theory

Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

Gallatin, Albert, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2

Gallé, Émile

Galvani, Luigi, 1.1, 2.1; see also animal electricity

García Márquez, Gabriel: The General in his Labyrinth

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Gaudí, Antoni

Gauß, Carl Friedrich, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

Geognostical Essay on the Superposition of Rocks (AH)

Géographe (ship)

geomagnetism, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1

George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), 14.1, 14.2

German Association of Naturalists and Physicians, n

Germany: federation and reforms, 15.1; demands for unification, 20.1, 20.2; national colours, 20.3; industrial power, 22.1

glaciers and glaciation

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: appearance, 2.1; praises AH, prl.1, bm1.1; AH meets in Jena, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; affair and child with Christiane Vulpius, 2.6; pictured, 2.7, 2.8; qualities and lifestyle, 2.9; scientific interests and theories, 2.10, 2.11; and urform, 2.12, 17.1, 19.1; admires Kant, 2.13; on self and nature, 2.14, 2.15; on unity of art and science, 2.16; and AH in South America, 5.1; and AH’s interest in volcanoes, 6.1; on AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; letter from AH in Berlin, 10.1; AH’s Essay on the Geography of Plants dedicated to, 10.2, on AH’s nature and travel writing, 10.3, 11.1; and AH’s frustration in writing, 11.2; and AH’s restlessness, 11.3; and effect of AH’s lectures on women, 15.1; AH renews friendship with, 15.2; as Neptunist on creation of Earth, 15.3; and AH’s Cosmos, 18.1; death, 18.2; sketches Schiller’s Garden House, 22.1; Elective Affinities, 2.17, 10.4; Faust, 2.18, 13.1, 13.2, 18.3, 22.2; Hermann and Dorothea, 2.19; The Metamorphosis of Plants (essay and poem), 2.20, 2.21; The Sorrows of Young Werther, 2.22, 4.1

Göttingen university

Gould, John

Grant, Ulysses S.

Gray, Asa

Gray, Vincent

Great Western (steamship)

Guayaquil (Ecuador)

Haeckel, Anna (née Sethe), 22.1, 22.2, 22.3; death, 22.4, 22.5

Haeckel, Ernst: in Italy, 22.1, 22.2; learns of AH’s death, 22.3, 22.4; scientific interests and influence, 22.5, 22.6; appearance, 22.7; background and career, 22.8; racial theories, 22.9; idolizes AH, 22.10, 22.11; studies radiolarians, 22.12; marriage, 22.13; and Anna’s death, 22.14, 22.15; champions Darwin, 22.16; ecological thinking, 22.17; travels, 22.18, 22.19; meets Darwin, 22.20; remarries, 22.21; influence on Art Nouveau, 22.22; builds and decorates Villa Medusa, 22.23; ideas and beliefs, 22.24; Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms), 22.25; Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms in Nature; series), 22.26, 22.27; Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria), 22.28; Welträthsel (The Riddle of the Universe), 22.29

Haiti

Halle (Prussia): university

Hardenberg, Karl August von

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

Haydon, Benjamin Robert

Henslow, John Stevens, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

Herschel, John, 14.1, 14.2

Herschel, William

Hetch Hetchy Valley (Yosemite National Park)

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel

Himalaya, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

Hodges, William

Homestead Act (USA, 1862), 21.1

Honda (Colombia)

Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1

Humboldt, Alexander Georg von (AH’s father), 1.1

Humboldt, Alexander von: climbs Chimborazo, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; travels in Latin America, prl.4, 3.1, 6.1, 7.2; interest in volcanoes, prl.5, 3.2, 6.2, 7.3, 9.1, 15.1; birth and family background, prl.6, 1.1; ideas and qualities, prl.7; condemns colonial exploitation, prl.8, 8.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; view of connectivity of nature, prl.9, prl.10, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 10.3, 13.3, 13.4, 15.2, 16.2, 17.1, 23.1; memory, prl.11; influence, prl.12; Thoreau influenced by, prl.13, prl.14, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2; centennial of birth celebrated (1869), prl.15; and South American revolutionary movement, prl.16, 12.3, 12.4; upbringing and education, 1.2, 1.3; appearance and manner, 1.4, 3.3, 11.1, 14.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 20.2; sharp comments and wit, 1.5, 9.3, 11.2, 11.3, 18.4, 20.3, 20.4; attends universities, 1.6, 10.4; visits to London, 1.7, 13.5, 14.2; wanderlust and restlessness (‘maladie centrifuge’), 1.8, 3.4, 9.4, 11.4, 13.6, 14.3, 14.4, 15.3; studies finance and economics, 1.9; learns languages, 1.10; studies and practises mining and geology, 1.11; solitariness, 1.12, 6.3, 9.5, 20.5; travels in Europe, 1.13, 14.5; early scientific experiments and theories, 1.14, 2.4; meets Goethe in Jena and Weimar, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7; and perception of reality, 2.8; preoccupation with Kant, 2.9; and subjective understanding of nature, 2.10, 2.11; and mother’s death, 3.5, 3.6; preparations for travelling expedition, 3.7; attends séances, 3.8; leaves Spain on first expedition, 3.9; Spanish passport, 3.10, 3.11; reaches Venezuela, 3.12; working method in Latin America, 4.1; pictured, 4.2, 9.6; experiences earthquake in Cumaná, 4.3, 17.2; expedition to Casiquiare river, 4.4; on human effect on environment, 4.5, 23.2; sends specimens from South America to Europe, 6.4; letters home from travels, 6.5, 6.6; sense of loneliness in Andes, 6.7; infatuations and attachments to male friends, 6.8; endures hurricane at sea, 8.2; meets Jefferson, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; rapid speech and garrulity, 8.6, 9.7, 11.5, 13.7, 14.6, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7; condemns slavery, 8.7, 12.5, 17.3, 20.6; returns to Paris (1804), 9.8; lectures at Académie des Sciences, 9.9; meets Bolívar, 9.10, 9.11; visits Italy with Gay-Lussac, 9.12; writings, 9.13, 10.5, 10.6, 11.6, 23.3; granted Prussian pension, 10.7, 14.7; visits Berlin (1805–6), 10.8; on plant distribution, 10.9 &n, 10.10, 17.4, 23.4; settles in Paris (1807–27), 10.11, 11.7, 11.8; correspondence, 11.9, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9; relations with Arago, 11.10; accused of francophilia, 11.11; on Latin American politics, 12.6; praises Bolívar as liberator, 12.7; attacks Buffon, 12.8; plans expedition to India and Asia, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 14.8, 15.4; relations with brother Wilhelm, 13.11, 15.5, 18.8; influence on British romantic writers, 13.12; influence on Darwin, 13.13, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 18.9, 20.10; Asian expedition financed by Friedrich Wilhelm III, 14.9; visits Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), 14.10; financial problems and debts, 14.11, 14.12, 20.11; generosity to young scientists, 14.13, 20.12; near-paralysis in right arm, 14.14; moves to Berlin (1827), 14.15, 15.6; inspects Brunels’ Thames tunnel, 14.16; court duties in Berlin, 15.7, 18.10; social and educational reforms in Berlin, 15.8; and Prussian political situation, 15.9; lectures in Berlin, 15.10; withdraws from political engagement, 15.11; lecture notes, 194–5; organizes Berlin scientific conference (1828), 15.12; renews friendship with Goethe, 15.13; on creation and development of earth, 15.14; travels in Russia, 16.3; finds diamonds in Russia, 16.4; sixtieth birthday, 16.5; idolized in Russia, 16.6; escapes injury in carriage accident, 16.7; returns part of Russian travel expenses, 16.8; Darwin sends copy of The Voyage of the Beagle to, 17.9; fame and reputation in Berlin, 18.11; drowns out pianist with talk, 18.12; humility and readiness to learn, 18.13; qualities and character, 18.14; annual visits to Paris from Berlin, 18.15, 18.16; grief at brother Wilhelm’s death, 18.17; life and routine in Berlin, 18.18; meets Darwin in London, 18.19; never reads Darwin’s Origin of Species, 18.20; Hooker meets in Paris, 18.21; in 1848 revolution, 20.13; and failed German unification, 20.14; fame and visitors in old age, 20.15; handwriting, 20.16; international celebrity, 20.17; interest in technologies, 20.18; old age in Berlin, 20.19; facility in languages, 20.20; survives stroke, 20.21; death and funeral, 20.22; obituaries and tributes, 20.23; posthumous reputation, 20.24, bm1.1; warns against irrigating Llanos, 21.1; on debarking cinchona trees, 21.2; Marsh praises, 21.3; Haeckel admires, 22.1; walking, 23.5; Muir reads and idealizes, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8; achievements, bm1.2