The Holocaust (149 page)

Greenberg (a tailor): leads resistance,
1

Grinberg, Zalman: his diary of events in Kovno,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; and
Hitler’s ‘war against the Jews’,
5
; and vengeance,
6

Griva (Dvinsk): ghetto at (1941),
1

Grobas, Mordechai: helps an act of revenge,
1
; murdered,
2

Grodno: occupied by Soviet troops (1939),
1
; Jews driven in direction of (1941),
2
; plans for resistance in,
3
; and a deception,
4
; a deportation to Auschwitz from (1943),
5
; Jewish partisans active in region of,
6

Grodzisk: the moment of liberation in,
1

Grojanowski, Yakov: an eye-witness to mass murder,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; his possible fate,
5

Grosbart, Zygmunt: his courage,
1

Grosfeld, Joseph: his testimony,
1
,
2
n.
3

Gross, Dr: and the deportation from Kalisz (October 1941),
1

Gross Rosen: Jews deported through,
1
; Auschwitz apparatus sent to,
2
; Jews evacuated from,
3

Grossbart, Zygmunt: a Jewish interpreter, and a mass execution (1941),
1
; his sustained act of espionage (1941),
2

Grossman, Chajka: her courage,
1

Grossman, Mendel: ‘such despair was never seen’,
1

Grostower, Zeli: shot (1941),
1

Grot, SS Staff Sergeant Paul: his cruelty recalled,
1

Grüber, Heinrich: seeks to warn Jews (1940),
1
; and news of the internment camp at Gurs,
2
; a witness at Sachsenhausen (1940),
3
; and ‘the worst thing that befell us’,
4

Grüber, Mieczyslaw: sets up a partisan group,
1

Gruenwald, Dr Kruza: murdered (1943),
1

Gruszka Zaporska: a Polish family executed at, for helping Jews (1943),
1

Gryn, Gabi: seen for ‘the last time’,
1

Gryn, Geza: ‘to give with a warm hand’,
1
; dies (1945),
2

Gryn, Hugo: and an example of ‘human dignity’,
1
; and the Gestapo’s first moves in Hungary,
2
; and the first moments at Birkenau,
3
; and the death marches,
4
,
5
; his father’s death,
6
; and the ‘denial of God’,
7

Grynbaum, Josek: hanged (1941),
1

Grynszpan, Hirsch: his family’s expulsion (1938),
1
; assassinates a German diplomat,
2
,
3
; a street named after him, in mockery,
4

Grynszpan, Yekhiel: protects his fellow Jews,
1
,
2

Grynszpan, Zindel: expelled from Germany (1938),
1

Grzybacz, Nachum: buries ‘the treasure’,
1

Grzybowski Place (Warsaw): smiles in,
1

Gunskirchen: a camp at,
1
; a death march to,
2
; and the ‘hope’ of revenge by inmates of,
3

Gunther, SS Major Rolf:
1

Gunthergrube: slave labour at coal mines of,
1

Gunzenhausen: two Jews killed in (1934),
1
; two more Jews killed in (1934),
2

Gunzig, Jacques: killed (1944),
1

Gurfein, Yaacov: recalls a deportation,
1

Gurs: internment camp at (1940),
1
,
2
,
3
; Jews deported from,
4

Gusen: Jews sent on a death march to,
1
; last days at,
2
; an evacuation from,
3

Gustloff, Wilhelm: assassinated (1936),
1

Gutman, Gizela: deported,
1

Gutman, Israel (Yisrael): an eye-witness at Majdanek,
1
; and the revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
2
; and the death marches,
3
; and the ‘hope’ of revenge,
4

Gutstadt (of Radomsko): urges flight,
1

Guttman, Dolek: his wife whipped (1942),
1

Guz (a carpenter): and a labour camp revolt,
1

Guzanyatskii, Yakov: resistance by (1941),
1

Gyor: mass murder at (1944),
1

Gypsies: and Martin Luther,
1
; and ‘special treatment’,
2
; in the Lodz ghetto,
3
; gassed at Chelmno,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
; victims of medical experiments at Auschwitz,
9
; murdered at Mauthausen,
10
; the death toll of,
11

Haas, Dr Ludwig: killed in action (1914),
1

Haber, Fritz: deprived of his professorship (1933),
1

Haberfeld, Rabbi: receives assurances,
1

Hadjerat M’ Guil: internment camp at (1941),
1

Hafner, Falik: killed (1942),
1

Hague, the: occupied by German forces (1940),
1

Hahn Warburg, Lola:
1

Haidar camp (Athens): Jewish deportees held at,
1

Haifa: and the
Patria
tragedy (1940),
1
; death of a Jew from (1941),
2

Haj Amm al-Husseini: his protest,
1

Hajfec, Chaim: and the Lachwa revolt,
1

Halbenstock (a Jewish boy): hanged,
1

Halder, General: records death of Jews (1939),
1

Halpern, David: killed (1942),
1

Halter, Monik: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
,
3
, 2732

Hamann, SS First-Lieutenant: and mass murder of Jews (1941),
1
,
2
,
3

Hamburg: Jews deported from dockside of (1939),
1
; Jews deported to Lodz from (1941),
2
,
3
; Jews deported to Minsk from (1941),
4
; Jews deported to Riga from (1941),
5
; deportees to Riga shot (1942),
6
; deportees to Lodz, sent to Chelmno (1942),
7
; death of a distinguished engineer from (1944),
8
; Jews sent to factories and bomb sites at,
9
,
699;
and a deception (1945),
10
; fate of Jewish women near (1945),
11

Hamm: death of a Jew in (1933),
1

Handelsman, Chana: deported,
1
n.
2

Handelsman, Jankiel: deported,
1
; arrested, and killed (1944),
2

Hanover:
1
,
2
, Jews deported to Riga from (1941),
3
n.
4
, a death march from (1945),
5

‘Hans the killer’: at Mauthausen (1941),
1

Hardaga, Mustafa: helps a Jewish family,
1

Harder, Albert: gives shelter to three Jewish girls,
1

Harmuszko, Pawel: saves Jews,
1
n.
2

Hart, Kitty: recalls an act of defiance at Auschwitz,
1

Hartheim, Schloss: euthanasia centre at,
1

‘Harvest Festival’ massacre: in Lublin region,
1

Harwich: Jews reach safety at (1938),
1
; (1939),
2

‘Hatikvah’ (‘Hope’—the Jewish anthem): sung at Chelmno,
1
,
2
; sung during a deportation,
3
,
4
,
5
; nephew of author of, deported,
6
; sung at Auschwitz, on the way to death,
7
,
8
,
9

Hauser, SS Captain, Dr: his assurances,
1

Hausman, Helena: dies, after liberation (1945),
1

Havana (Cuba):
1

Havas, Geza: dies (1945),
1

Hawryluk (a priest): incites local population (1941),
1

Head Office for Reich Security: discussion of deportations at (6 March 1942),
1

Hebrew: taught in the Lodz ghetto,
1
; beggars speak in, in Warsaw,
2
; resistance leaders whistle a song in,
3
; act of defiance by a teacher of,
4
; a translator of Heine into, murdered,
5
; ‘the language of the future’,
6
; the final prayer in, to be spoken by ‘some new, clean generation’,
7

Heckenholt (the driver of a diesel): at Belzec,
1

Heckenholt Foundation: at Belzec,
1

Hedin, Sven: appeals on behalf of a Jew,
1

Heine: a translator of, murdered,
1

Hejdi, Mrs: at Sobibor,
1

Helfgot, Arieh: recalls a death march (1940), no Helfgott, Ben: recalls pre-war Poland,
1
; recalls the deportation trains passing his home town (1942),
2
; survives a round-up (1942),
3
; tries to return to his home town after liberation (1945),
4

Helfgott, Gershon: nearly killed, after liberation,
1

Helfgott, Lusia: murdered (1942),
1

Helfgott, Sara: murdered (1942),
1

Helfing, Izak: recalls journey to Treblinka, and an act of defiance there,
1
; and the mood among the labour force,
2

Hemmelrijk, Professor: hides a Jew,
1

Hemmerstein: a girl from, half frozen (1940),
1

Henschel, Hildegarde: recalls suicides among deportees,
1

Hepner, Dr Joseph: commits suicide (1942),
1

Herman, Chaim: deported to Auschwitz,
1
; ‘our enemy is broken’,
2

Hermann, SS Technical Sergeant Michel: eye-witness to a ‘crime’,
1
; at Sobibor,
2

Hersbruck (Franconia): ‘Jew free’ (1934),
1

Hertz, Ludwig: a survivor, murdered after liberation,
1

Herzog, Vivian (Chaim Herzog):
1
n.
2

Hess, Henrietta: aged eleven, deported and killed (1944),
1

Hess, Roger: aged nine, deported and killed (1944),
1

Hess, Rudolf: his mission (1941),
1

Hessler (as SS guard): strikes naked women on the way to their deaths,
1

Hewel, SS Brigadier Walther: reports Hitler’s anger as Majdanek camp is exposed,
1

Heydebreck: a labour camp, and a deception,
1

Heydrich, Reinhard: head of SS Intelligence Service (1931),
1
; and Jewish emigration (1939),
2
; and the ‘planned overall measures’ against Jews (21 September 1939),
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
; and ‘the physical extermination of the Jews’,
8
; and a ‘complete solution of the Jewish question’,
9
; and ‘no more Jews’,
10
; and the ‘final solution’ (29 November 1941),
11
; and the Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942),
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
; fatally wounded (27 May 1942),
16
; repercussions of the death of,
17

Heyman, Eva: her death at Auschwitz (1944),
1

Hiller, Helen: entrusts her son to Catholics,
1
; deported,
2

Hiller, Moses: entrusts his son to Catholics,
1
; deported,
2

Hiller, Shachne: saved by Catholics,
1
,
2

Himmelfarb, Meir: plans revolt,
1

Himmler, Heinrich: and the SS (1931),
1
; overrules sentences against SS men (1939),
2
; his thoughts (of
3
May 1940),
4
; and ‘no more Jews’,
5
; witnesses mass murder at Minsk (1941),
6
; and the maintenance of deception (10 April 1942),
7
; presides over a meeting to discuss medical experiments (7 July 1942),
8
; orders ‘a total cleansing’, (19 July 1942),
9
; told of the need for ‘a faster pace’ (23 July 1942),
10
; ‘help me to get more trains’ (20 January 1943),
11
; and the deportation of Jews from Finland (1943),
12
; and a ‘quantity of old garments’ at Birkenau and in the Lublin region,
13
; visits Treblinka,
14
; visits Sobibor,
15
; receives a list of Jewish property for ‘utilization’,
16
; and medical experiments on Jews,
17
; his speech at Poznan (4 October 1943), ‘a page of glory’,
18
; proposes to release seven thousand women (20 April 1945),
19
,
20

Hindenburg: labour camp at,
1

Hindenburg, Field Marshal:
1

Hirsch, Alice: shot (1942),
1

Hirsch, Freddy: his attempted suicide, and death (1944),
1

Hirsch, Hella: shot (1942),
1

Hirsch, Helmut: executed (1937),
1

Hirsch, Otto: pleads for funds (1935),
1

Hirsch, Rachel: records her father’s meeting with her brother after liberation,
1

Hirshaut, Julien (Julian Hirszhaut): his recollections of Pawiak prison,
1
; his recollections of the last days of Emanuel Ringelblum,
2

Hirschler, Rabbi René: deported with his wife (1944),
1

Hirszberg, Lota: commits suicide (1942),
1

Hirszman, Chaim: his eye-witness account of Belzec,
1
,
2
; murdered, after liberation (1946),
3

Hirszman, Pola: and her husband’s testimony,
1

His Great Love:
death of a young actress from,
1

Hitler, Adolf:
1
, ‘anti-Semites of the World, Unite!’,
2
; and the murder of Rathenau (1922),
3
; and his book
Mein Kampf
,
4
,
5
; becomes Chancellor (1933),
6
,
7
; and the boycott (1933),
8
; and the definition of ‘Jew’,
9
; and the Nuremberg Laws (1935),
10
; and the Rhineland,
11
; in power for five years (1938),
12
; and German national interests (1938),
13
; and the Sudetenland (1938),
14
; and the
Kristallnacht
(1938),
15
; and the ‘annihilation’ of the Jews (1939),
16
; and Poland (1939),
17
; and Jewish resettlement (1939),
18
; a protest to (1940),
19
; and Himmler’s thoughts (of
20
May 1940),
21
; and the fall of France,
22
; and the bombing of Berlin,
23
; his fellow fighters and the Jews,
24
; his ‘minions’,
25
; his end ‘near’ (1941),
26
; his order concerning ‘the physical extermination of the Jews’ cited,
27
; military ascendancy of (1941),
28
,
29
; his Chancellery, and poison gas (October 1941),
30
; a protest to (October 1941),
31
; and euthanasia,
32
; and the ‘end’ of the Jews in Europe,
33
; to be thanked (at Chelmno),
34
; warns of ‘the complete annihilation of the Jews’ (30 January 1942),
35
; his name deliberately not mentioned,
36
; rumours of resistance against his ‘hangmen’,
37
; his fate forecast (at Belzec),
38
; his intentions discussed (in Warsaw),
39
; a ‘satrap’ of,
40
; rumoured ‘collapse’ of,
41
; vengeance on the Germany of, ‘an advance payment’,
42
; advice of the euthanasia expert on the staff of,
43
; the ‘very grave order’ of (28 July 1942),
44
; a German policeman does not ‘give a damn’ for,
45
; and a spurious agreement of, with Roosevelt,
46
; a protest to (25 March 1943),
47
; urges deportation of Jews from Hungary (17 April 1943),
48
; his ‘orders’ cited (31
May 1943),
49
; his ‘instructions’ on public references to ‘a future overall solution’ (11 July 1943),
50
; and the deportation of the Jews of Hungary (1944),
51
; attempt on the life of (20 July 1944),
52
; his anger about failure to ‘erase’ traces of crimes against the Jews,
53
; hopes to continue war (1945),
54
; his ‘political testimony’ and the Jews,
55
; commits suicide (30 April 1945),
56
; called a ‘madman’ by a murderer of Jews,
57
; his ‘war against the Jews’,
58
; and the ‘pride of the survivor’,
59