Authors: Martin Gilbert
The Holocaust (143 page)
Berliner, Jacob: killed (1941),
1
Berliner, Meir: his act of defiance,
1
Berman, Adolf: and the ‘tragic race’ in the Warsaw ghetto (1942),
1
; and the deportation of children,
2
,
3
; and the site of Treblinka after liberation,
4
Bernadotte, Count Folke: negotiates release of Jews (1945),
1
Bernburg: Jews gassed at (1941),
1
Bernheim, Franz: his petition,
1
Bernholz, Joseph: denounced, and killed (1944),
1
Bernholz, Towa: killed in an air raid (1939),
1
Bernshtein, Zalman: leads a resistance group,
1
Bernstein (a Jew from Berlin): given a hundred lashes (1933),
1
Bessarabia: deportations (1941),
1
; death marches (1941),
2
; deportation to death camps from (1942),
3
Besser, Aliza: recalls a death train to Belsen (1945),
1
Biala Poldlaska: a death march to (1940),
1
,
2
; a deportation from (1941),
3
; a further deportation from (1942),
4
; a survivor returns to (1944),
5
; two Jews murdered in, after liberation (1946),
6
Bialer, Toshia: witnesses establishment of Warsaw ghetto,
1
Bialka: Poles shot for helping Jews,
1
Bialas, Wanda: recalls fate of children at Majdanek,
1
Bialystok: occupied by Soviet troops (1339),
1
; and the first days of the German occupation (1941),
2
,
3
; killings continue in,
4
,
5
; Jews hope for a haven in,
6
; Jews in region of (1942),
7
; visitors to,
8
; and the survival of the ghetto,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
; the Jewish Fighting Organization in (by the end of 1942),
14
n.
15
; and a train deception at Treblinka,
16
; and a deportation to Auschwitz (1943),
17
; an act of defiance in,
18
; a further deportation to Auschwitz (1943),
19
; a decision to resist in,
20
; a final deportation from, and revolt in (August 1943),
21
; fate of children from,
22
; resistance in the region of (March 1944),
23
; the final defiance in (July 1944),
24
; fate of a survivor from (1945),
25
Bibedgal, Schmuel: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
Biebow, Hans: strikes Chaim Rumkowski,
1
; gives Jews assurances,
2
,
3
Bielefeld: Jews deported from,
1
,
2
n.
3
Bielsk Podlaski: liberation of a Jew from, at Ebensee,
1
Bierman, John: records the fate of a deportee and his family,
1
,
2
‘Big Whip’: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
Bikernieker forest (Riga): mass murder at (1942),
1
Bilgoraj: deportations from (1942),
1
Bilhaus, SS Second Lieutenant: his sadism (1942),
1
Bilski, Dr Richard: and a ‘cruel hoax’,
1
Bin, Szymon: shot (1942),
1
Bingel, Lieutenant Erwin: an eye-witness to mass murder (1941),
1
,
2
Binsztejn-Syrkin, Zofia: commits suicide (1943),
1
Birenbaum, Halina: recalls punishment at Auschwitz,
1
Birkenau: established (1942),
1
; gas-chambers at, not yet ready,
2
,
3
; Jews held in barracks at,
4
; labour camps near,
5
,
6
; Jewesses sent to, after medical experiments,
7
; the ‘numbering’ of Jews at,
8
; an eyewitness to mass murder at,
9
,
10
; Jews from Theresienstadt deported to,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
; mass murder at,
16
,
17
,
18
; Norwegian Jews deported to,
19
; postcards from,
20
; a Sabbath in,
21
; mental defectives arrive at, from Holland,
22
; suicides at,
23
; a ‘quantity of old garments’ at,
24
; continued deportations to (1943),
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
35
,
36
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
40
,
41
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
45
,
46
; new crematoria at (March 1943),
47
; medical experiments at,
48
; Jews from, sent to a camp in Warsaw,
49
,
50
; those judged too sick in, gassed,
51
,
52
; acts of defiance at,
53
,
54
; ‘Hatikvah’ (the Jewish anthem) sung at,
55
,
56
; escapes, and attempted escapes at,
57
,
58
; the fate of the ‘Czech Family Camp’ in,
59
; and deceptions at,
60
,
61
; further deportations to 1944),
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
67
,
68
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
73
; deportations from,
74
,
75
,
76
,
77
; teeth strewn ‘all over the terrain’ as evidence,
78
; Sonderkommando murdered at,
79
; revolt of Sonderkommando in (1944),
80
; fate of several hundred boys in,
81
; dismantled,
82
; hunger and exposure at,
83
; last hours and liberation at (1945),
84
,
85
deportees from, rescued,
86
; fate of survivors from (1945),
87
,
88
,
89
,
90
; disappearance of a survivor from, after liberation,
91
; and ‘normal people’,
92
; a survivor of, murdered after liberation,
93
; ‘I will tell the world’,
94
Birkenfeld, Leopold: provides a ‘feast’ for music lovers (1941),
1
; deported and gassed (1942),
2
Birnbaum (in Warsaw): a round-up at his house (1942),
1
; killed, with his family,
2
Bischoff, SS Major: letter of (1939),
1
n.
2
Biskowitz, Yaakov: his recollections of a death camp (Sobibor),
1
,
2
; recalls the Sobibor revolt,
3
Black Forest: an act of defiance in,
1
Black Sea: and Jewish refugees,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; and the sinking of the
Struma
,
5
Blagovshchina: mass murder-site near (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
Blajman, David: murdered, with his wife (1942),
1
Blaskowitz, Field Marshal: reports death of Jewish children (1939),
1
Blaszczyk, Henryk: and the Kielce pogrom (1946),
1
Blechhammer: labour camp at,
1
; death march to,
2
Bleyer, Moshe: a twin who survived,
1
Bleyer, Tibi: killed,
1
Blizyn: labour camp at,
1
; labourers at, evacuated to Auschwitz,
2
Blobel, SS Colonel Paul: and the digging up and burning of corpses (1943),
1
,
2
‘Blobel Commando’: in Lvov,
1
; at Ponary,
2
,
3
; at Babi Yar,
4
; near Chelm,
5
,
6
; at Kovno,
7
; at Bialystok,
8
Bloch, Marc: executed (1944),
1
Bloch, Zelo: and plans for revolt,
1
Blom, Jacob: deported, aged ninety,
1
Bloom, Marcus: his death at Mauthausen (1944),
1
Bluestein, Motl: shot (1942),
1
Blum, Abrasha: tortured, then shot (1943),
1
Blum, Cwajga: shot (1941),
1
Blum, René: deported,
1
Blumenfeld, Rabbi Jechiel Meir: saved, and then shot (1942),
1
Blumenfrucht, Harry: hanged (1942),
1
Bobrek: labour camp at,
1
Bobruisk: ‘rebellious’ Jews shot (1941),
1
Bochnia: Jewish fighting organization in,
1
n.
2
; Jews deported from (September 1943),
3
n.
4
Bodzentyn: three Jews murdered at (1942),
1
; two more Jews murdered at (1942),
2
Boetim, Dr Karol: dies (1941),
1
Bogdanovka: mass murder of Jews at (1941),
1
,
2
Bohdanowicz, Stanislaw: an eye-witness to deportation trains,
1
; witnesses a deportation,
2
; and the death of an escapee,
3
Bohemia:
1
,
2
,
3
; to be placed ‘ahead of the line’,
4
; further deportations planned from (1942),
5
Boim, Efim: leads a resistance group (1941),
1
Boleslawiec: eight Jews killed in, after liberation (1945),
1
Bolivia:
1
Bologna: Jews deported from (1943),
1
Bolzano: a train reaches Auschwitz from,
1
Bor: forced labour camp at,
1
; a death march from,
2
Bordeaux: Jews saved in (1940),
1
; an act of resistance in (1940),
2
Borenheim, Albert: shot (1941),
1
Borki: bodies dug up at,
1
Bormann, Martin: and ‘instructions’ from Hitler (1943),
1
Bornstein, Dr Roman: reports Jews killed by Poles,
1
Boryslaw: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
Borzykowski, Tuvia: and resistance in Warsaw (1943),
1
,
2
; and the Warsaw ghetto uprising (April 1943),
3
,
4
; and the Polish uprising in Warsaw (August 1944),
5
; given shelter,
6
; and the moment of liberation,
7
Bosel, Siegmund: shot (1942),
1
Bosnia: destruction of Jews in,
1
Bothmann, SS Captain Hans: and a reprisal (1944),
1
; and the final executions at Chelmno (1945),
2
Botter, Aryeh: shot (1941),
1
Botwin, Dawid: in the Lodz ghetto,
1
Boycott: of Jewish shops (Berlin, 1933),
1
Bracha (from Opoczno): ‘My baby hasn’t even been born yet’,
1
; ‘why is he doomed’,
2
Brack, SS Colonel Dr Viktor: and poison gas,
1
; and need for ‘a faster pace’,
2
Braham, Randolph: ‘nothing was impossible’,
1
Braier, Gedalia: urges Jews to escape,
1
Brailov: an act of courage in (1942),
1
Brajtman, Elja: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3
Brams, Hannah (Ania): shot (1943),
1
Brams, Dr Maurycy: shot (1943),
1
Brand, Joel: and a proposed ‘sale’ of Jews,
1
Brandt, Dr Karl: provides skeletons,
1
Brandt, Rudolf: and the ‘secrecy’ needed for medical experiments (1942),
1
,
2
n. 1
Braslaw, Shmuel: helps organize an attack on a warehouse in Warsaw,
1
; killed (1942),
2
Bratislava: Jews escape through (1941),
1
; Jews deported from (1944),
2
; a Jew from, liberated (1945),
3
Braunschweig (Brunswick): anti-Jewish attacks in (1933),
1
Bräutigam, Otto: and ‘clarification of the Jewish question’ (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
Brazil:
1
Bremen:
1
; Jews deported to Minsk from (1941),
2
Breslau: anti-Jewish measures in (1933),
1
; Jews deported to Kovno from (1941),
2
; and the ‘final solution’,
3
; the results of medical experiments sent to,
4
; Jewesses from camps in the region of, evacuated to a camp near Lübeck,
5
Breslauer, Arie: and attempts to protect Jews in Budapest,
1
Brest-Litovsk: Jews attacked in (1937),
1
; occupied by Soviet troops (1939),
2
; mass murder of Jews after German conquest of (1941),
3
,
4
; executions near (1942),
5
Bretholz, Leo: deported from Drancy,
1
; escapes from the deportation train,
2
Brezany: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
Briedys, Janis: helps Jews,
1
Brisgys, Bishop: ‘will not admit any Jews’,
1
Britain:
1
,
2
; German Jews emigrate to (1933),
3
,
4
,
5
; Jews flee to (1939),
6
; declares war on Germany (1939),
7
; takes no offensive action against Germany,
8
,
9
; abused by Nazis,
10
; Jews reach from Holland (1940),
11
; puts pressure against Jewish refugees (1940),
12
; and the death of Heydrich (1942),
13
; an officer from, witnesses the fate of seven Jews at Mauthausen (1943),
14
; protests from, concerning the Hungarian deportations (1944),
15
; a Jew from, killed at Mauthausen,
16
; revulsion in (1945),
17
,
18
; Jews driven to seek new homes in (1946),
19