The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (89 page)

55
. Robert Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821
(New York, 1977), 247–250; Alexander Walker,
Jackson and New Orleans: An Authentic Narrative of the Memorable Achievements of the American Army
(Cincinnati, 1856).

56
. Remini,
Jackson and American Empire
, 133–216; James Parton,
Life of Jackson
(New York, 1860), 1:88–94.

57
. Remini,
Jackson and American Empire
, 246–254.

58
. For Indian slave owners, see, among many other excellent works, Christina Snyder,
Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America
(Cambridge, MA, 2010); Tiya Miles,
Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom
(Berkeley, CA, 2005).

59
. Remini,
Jackson and American Empire
, 187–233.

60
. Arsène Latour,
Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814–1815
, ed. Gene Smith (Gainesville, FL, 1999), 294–297; Caryn Cossé Bell,
Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro-Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1997), 51–59.

61
. Parton,
Life of Jackson
, 2:63; CAJ, 2:118–119.

62
. Latour,
Historical Memoir
, 137–152; Remini,
Jackson and American Empire
, 276–289.

CHAPTER 3. RIGHT HAND: 1815–1819

1
. Manifests of the
Temperance
from Reel 1, Inward Manifests of New Orleans, RG 36, NA; LC, January 25, 1819; for McDonogh being rowed across the river, cf. “McDonogh’s Last Trip,” Lithograph by Dominique Canova, c. 1850, Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans, Louisiana; Ari Kelman,
A River and Its City: The Nature of Landscape in New Orleans
(Berkeley, CA, 2003).

2
. Maspero’s advertisements and announcements were ubiquitous in New Orleans between 1806 and 1833. See John Adems Paxton,
The New-Orleans Directory and Register
(New Orleans, 1822), frontispiece, and multiple newspapers, e.g.,
LG
, February 10, 1816.

3
. LG, April 2, 1818; Henry C. (Henry Cogswell) Knight,
Letters from the South and West
(Boston, 1824), 115–124; James Pearse,
Narrative of the Life of James Pearse
(Rutland, VT, c. 1826), 17; Timothy Flint,
Recollections of the Last Ten Years
. . .
in the Valley of the Mississippi
(Boston, 1826), 218; Darla Jean Thompson, “Circuits of Containment: Iron Collars, Incarceration, and the Infrastructure of Slavery” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 2014).

4
. Henry C. Castellanos,
New Orleans as It Was
(New Orleans, 1978), 146–148; Christian Schultz,
Travels on an Inland Voyage
(repr. Ridgewood, NJ, 1968), 190–191; Knight,
Letters from the South and West
, 115–123; Flint,
Recollections
, 222–223; HALL;
New-York Columbia
, August 6, 1818;
Westchester Herald
, August 11, 1818.

5
. Kenneth C. Pomeranz,
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
(Berkeley, CA, 2000); Joel Mokyr,
The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850
(New Haven, CT, 2009); Frederick Engels,
The Condition of the Working Class in England
(New York, 1987); Immanuel Wallerstein,
The Modern World-System
, 3 vols. (Berkeley, CA, 1974–1989); Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital, and European States, 990–1992
(Cambridge, MA, 1992); C. A. Bayly,
The Birth of the Modern World, 1789–1915: Global Connections and Comparisons
(Malden, MA, 2004).

6
. Thomas R. Malthus,
An Essay on the Principle of Population
(London, 1798); Drew McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1980), 108.

7
. D. A. Farnie,
The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815–1896
(Oxford, 1979), 3–44.

8
.
LC
, January 1, 13, 22, 29, 1819, February 10, 15, 18, 22, 1819.

9
. Edwin A. Davis and John C. L. Andreassen, eds., “From Louisville to New Orleans in 1816: Diary of William Newton Mercer,”
JSH
2 (1936): 390–402, qu. 396.

10
. W. N. Mercer to J. Ker [1816], Fol. 4, Ker Family Papers, SHC; Robert G. Albion,
The Rise of New York Port, 1815–1860
(New York, 1939), 390–391; Pierre-Louis Berquin-Duvallon, trans. John Davis,
Travels in Louisiana and Florida in the Year 1802
(New York, 1806), 127–129.

11
. W. Kenner to S. Minor, May 19 and 29, 1815, Wm. Kenner Papers, LLMVC; Barclay, Southeld, to S. Minor, September 14, 1815, Minor Papers, SHC; Albion,
Rise of New York Port
, 390–391; LG, September 2, 1815, January 1, 1818.

12
. Flint,
Recollections
, 222;
LC
, January 29, 1819, February 22, 1819.

13
. Knight,
Letters
, 117;
LC
and
LG
for 1815–1820, passim; Thomas H. Whitney,
Whitney’s New-Orleans Directory and Louisiana and Mississippi Almanac for the Year 1811
(New Orleans, 1810), 38; Carol Wilson,
The Two Lives of Sally Muller: A Case of Mistaken Racial Identity in Antebellum New Orleans
(New Brunswick, NJ, 2007).

14
. William Hayden,
Narrative of William Hayden, Containing a Faithful Account of His Travels for Many Years Whilst a Slave
(Cincinnati, 1846), 54–58.

15
. Josiah Henson,
The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave
. . . (Boston, 1849), 37–41; William Grimes,
Life of William Grimes, Written by Himself
(New York, 1825), 22; Hayden,
Narrative
, 124. The idea that slave traders were anomalous is demolished by Michael Tadman,
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South
(Madison, WI, 1989); Frederic Bancroft,
Slave Trading in the Old South
(Baltimore, 1931), 314–320; and Walter Johnson,
Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market
(Cambridge, MA, 1999).

16
. Vincent Nolte,
Memoirs of Vincent Nolte
(New York, 1934), 86–87; Henry B. Fearon,
Sketches of America: A Narrative of a Journey of Five Thousand Miles Through the Eastern and Western States of America
(London, 1819), 279; Lewis E. Atherton, “John McDonogh—New Orleans Capitalist,”
JSH
7 (1941): 451–481; McDonogh Papers, Tulane.

17
. George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York, 1952), 80–81; Nolte,
Memoirs
, 268–280; Ralph Hidy,
The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 1763–1861
(Cambridge, MA, 1949), 35.

18
. Nolte,
Memoirs;
Robert Roeder, “New Orleans Merchants, 1790–1837” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1959).

19
. The classic statement of the capitalist-as-Puritan is Max Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
trans. Talcott Parsons (New York, 1930).

20
. John Cassidy,
How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities
(New York, 2009); Joseph Schumpeter,
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy
(New York, 1947).

21
. Nolte,
Memoirs
, 69, 274–275, 311–313; Stephen Palmié, “A Taste for Human Commodities,” in Palmié, ed.,
Slave Cultures and the Culture of Slavery
(Knoxville, TN, 1995), 40–54; Roeder, “New Orleans Merchants.”

22
. George Green to J. Minor, January 15, 1820, Minor Papers, SHC. Instead of offices, many merchants carried commercial paper in wallets. Cf. LC, January 17, 20, 1817, February 28, 1817, March 14, 1817, March 15, 29, 1819.

23
. J. Wetherstrandt to S. Minor, November 23, 1814, and J. Minor to Kitty, May 24, 1816, Minor Papers, SHC; R. Claque to Dear Major, February 26, 1821, William Kenner Papers, LLMVC; LG, October 23, 1816; Benjamin Latrobe,
Impressions Respecting New Orleans: Diary and Sketches, 1818–1820
, ed. Samuel Wilson Jr. (New York, 1951), 9–10; LG, September 30, 1815, December 13, 1817, April 28, 1818; W. Flower to J. Vinot, 1818, Flower to Dugue Bros. & Harang, 1820, and Flower to C. Bouchon, 1820, HALL, 85325, 96018–96022, 97346–97348.

24
.
LC
, October 4, 18, 1819, November 24, 1819; HALL, 93012.

25
. Henson,
Life
, 41–45; LG, April 28, 1818, May 13, 1818; LC, January 29, 1818. Local slaves were typically sold privately. Cf. LC, January 31, 1817, November 3, 1819.

26
. Slaves “on hand”: J. Garner to A. Cuningham, February 1, 1830, and Brown and Armistead to E. B. Hicks, August 1, 1821, Alexander Cuningham Papers, Duke. Slave-sale money “in hand”: Brown and Armistead to E. B. Hicks, August 1, 1821, Alexander Cuningham Papers, Duke; Kenner & Co. to J. Minor, January 26, 1826, Minor Papers, SHC. “Cotton”: David Ker to Mary Ker, May 7, 1812, Ker Family Papers, SHC. Letter “come to hand”: E. Fraser to M. White, August 28, 1806, Maunsel White Papers, SHC; Fol. 1834–1835, Jarratt-Puryear Papers, Duke. Slaves also “came to hand”: e.g., Tyre Glen to Isaac Jarratt, December 23, 1833, Jarratt-Puryear Papers, Duke; J. Richards to Cashier of Bank of United States, March 14, 1815, Box 2E949, Bank of State of Mississippi Records, Natchez Trace Collection, RASP; Abijah Hunt to R. Sparks, June 14, 1809, Ker Family Papers, SHC.

27
. Robert Farrar Capon,
The Parables of Grace
(Grand Rapids, MI, 1988).

28
. M. Tournillon to Nicholas Trist, February 28, 1821, Nicholas Trist Papers, SHC.

29
.
LC
, January 25, 1819, February 10, 15, 1819; Thomas Henderson to Stephen Minor, June 4, 1819, Minor Family Papers, SHC; John Minor in Acct. with Kenner and Henderson, 1816–1818, William Kenner Papers, LLMVC.

30
. Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 205–209; W. Meriwether to Brother, September 28, 1814, Meriwether Family Papers, SHC; Daniel Walker Howe,
What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York, 2007).

31
. Martha Brazy,
An American Planter: Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez and New York
(Baton Rouge, LA, 2006), 15–16, 21; Collector, Port of New Orleans, 1806–1823, v. 2, Mf #75–109, NOPL; Dangerfield,
Era of Good Feelings
, 180; Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War
(Princeton, NJ, 1957), 282;
New York Courier
, September 24, 1816.

32
. Jesse Hunt to Jeremiah Hunt, April 1, 1815, Folder 4, Ker Papers, SHC; F. E. Rives Ledger, Rives Papers, Duke.