The Gay Metropolis (66 page)

“gave the appearance”: Author's interview with Paul Cadmus, October 29, 1992.

“stunning” … “I went back to school”: Author's interview with Otis Bigelow, April 28, 1994.

12 Hoyningen-Huene had been born:
New York Times,
September 23, 1968; and William A. Ewing,
The Photographic Art of Hoyningen-Huene,
p. 13.

“You're doing all this moping”: Author's interview with Otis Bigelow, April 28, 1994.

“gay society at that point”: Ibid.

“fairies” … “gay hangouts”: George Chauncey, Jr., “The Policed: Gay Men's Strategies of Everyday Resistance” in
Inventing Times Square,
323.

13 “very abrupt and candid”: Tennessee Williams,
Memoirs,
66, quoted in foonote in ibid., 419.

For speakeasies versus gay bars: George Chauncey, Jr.,
Inventing Times Square,
325.

“You'd see a cop”: Author's interview with Roy Strickland and William Wynkoop, June 3,1993.

For statistics on sex offenders: Donald Webster Cory,
The Homosexual in America,
56.

14 A red tie was sometimes … tone down their behavior: George Chauncey, Jr.,
Inventing Times Square,
326-27, and
Before Stonewall
(documentary).

“The sexual scene I'm sure” … “anything you want to”: Author's interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.

15 “We were at that early”: Author's interview with Jack Dowling, May 5, 1993.

“the naïveté of the public”: Author's interview with Paul Cadmus, October 22, 1992.

16 “I grew up and came out”: Author's interview with “James Atcheson,” October 1, 1992.

“What seems to me”: Richard Watts, Jr.,
New York Herald Tribune,
June 14, 1942.

“Webb was playing the part”: Author's interview with “James Atcheson,” October 1, 1992.

17 “It'll ruin the party” … “consistency in music”: Humphrey Burton,
Leonard Bernstein,
41–43, 49.

The degree of protection … “the opportunity to commit suicide”: for a comprehensive account of the Welles affair, from which these facts are taken, see Ted Morgan,
FDR, 677–86.

19 As a result, when the: George Chauncey; Jr.,
Inventing Times Square,
324–25, and Donald Webster Cory,
The Homosexual in America,
45.

“Biblical condemnations of homosexual behavior”: John D'Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities,
13.

“so sordid”:
Newsweek
November 8, 1943.

“a tall, powerfully built”: Ibid.

20 “He was a gay one” … Ritz Tower apartment:
New York Journal-American,
October 25, 1943;
New York Post,
October 26, 1943; and
New York Times,
October 22, 1943.

Faced with imminent separation … Las Vegas:
New York Post,
October 29, 1943. “neat soufflé” … “door for him”: Meyer Berger,
New York Times,
October 26, 1943.

21 But the unprintable details: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.

“he admitted he had killed”:
New York Times,
January 3, 1946.

“I was in the army”: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.

Although his uniform was covered:
New York Times,
October 29, 1943, March 29, 1944, and
New York Journal-American,
October 28, 1943.

“I raised my hand to knock”:
New York Times,
March 29, 1944.

Lonergan ordered breakfast … “shouted in the District Attorney's office”:
New York Times,
October 29, 1943, and
New York Journal-American,
October 28, 1943.

22 “You can't keep your eye”:
New York Post,
October 25, 1943.

“openly labeled in newspapers”:
New York Times,
October 29, 1943.

“For the first time in”:
Time,
November 8, 1943.

23 “Psychiatrists Give Views”:
New York Journal-American,
October 30, 1943.

25 “dubious joking about sexual”: Richard Watts, Jr.,
New York Herald Tribune,
June 14, 1942.

“Was he born or made?”:
Time,
April 3, 1944.

“The majority of people”: Author's interview with William Wynkoop, June 3, 1993.

On April 17, 1944:
New York Times,
April 18, 1944.

“civilly dead”: Ibid., February 6, 1954.

Ten years after Lonergan:
New York Times,
February 6, 1954.

In 1965 Lonergan challenged: Ibid., August 14, 1965.

26 He died of cancer: Ibid., January 3, 1986.

“Just after I'd graduated” … “taken me to the doctor's”: Author's interview with Roy Strickland, June 3, 1993.

27 Six months after the Japanese: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
35.

28 To win their rightful place:
Coming Out Under Fire,
8.

Allan Bérubé reports: Ibid., 10.

On the eve of the: Ibid., 9.

29 “accepted and left alone”: Ibid., 11.

“had carved out the”: Ibid.

“an aspect of three”: Ibid., 15.

In 1942, army mobilization: Ibid., 19.

30 “subject to ridicule” … “the male pattern”: Ibid., 20.

“be on the lookout” … “machine-gunned”: Ibid., 19–21.

was “very afraid that”: Author's interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.

“an awful lot of gay”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
23.

“I wanted to go in” … “to hang in”: Author's interview with Stanley Posthorn, May 12, 1993.

32 “One of the worst”:
Before Stonewall
(documentary).

“instantly called”: Ibid.

“I never saw so many” … “paid again. Ever”: Author's interview with Stanley Posthorn, May 12, 1993.

33 “They brought him back”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
197.

34 “This plane came overhead”: Ibid., 197–98.

“all went to the plane”: Ibid., 198.

“I got in my car” … “wonderful boys were killed”: Author's interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.

36 “It was a
greaf:
Author's interviews with Stanley Posthorn, May 24, 1993, and March 28, 1994.

37 “My God!”: Author's interview with “James Atcheson,” October 1, 1992.

“The army set up a”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
88–89, 97.

“Despite their hairy chests”:
Life,
December 12, 1942.

38 “I was wandering” … “army was a strange place”: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

“You are not fighting”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
97.

“My sisters were all” … “was very hidden”: Author's interview with Franklin Macfie, May 12, 1993.

39
“anything
feminine” … “going too far!”: Author's interviews with Jerre Kalbas, June 1, 1993, and March 27, 1994.

“People sort of did”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
98.

“Manhattan parties got to be”: Ibid., 113.

“During the war”:
Gay Sunshine Interviews,
vol. 2, ed. by Winston Leyland, 213.

“New York in wartime” … “incessant”: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

40 “Everybody was released”: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.

“Just as I put on”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
109–10.

“We never thought” … “not in my group”: Author's interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.

“The men who don”:
Ebony,
March 1952 and March 1953, and Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
116.

41 “the first Mrs. Johnson” … “way to treat anybody”: Author's interview with Philip Johnson, May 5, 1995.

“impeccable enunciation”: Franz Schulze,
Philip Johnson: Life and Work,
93–95.

42 “model of dignity”:
The New Yorker,
May 4, 1940, quoted in James Gavin,
Intimate Nights,
88.

“blacks and whites”: Ibid., 87–88.

“general aura”: Author's interview with Philip Johnson, May 5, 1995.

“Phillip
[sic]
Johnson”: William L. Shirer,
Berlin Diary,
213.

Kirstein biographical details:
New York Times Magazine,
June 20, 1982.

“I, Pvt Lincoln Kirstein”: Franz Schulze,
Philip Johnson: Life and Work,
164.

43 His salon included W. H. Auden … “tolerance, sympathy, and kindness”: Author's interview with Paul Cadmus, October 29, 1992.

44 “On nights off I” … “several times after”: Author's interview with Murray Gitlin, February 26, 1993.

45 “If you went in”: Author's interview with William Wynkoop, June 3, 1993.

“We were in a building” … “living in New York”: Author's interview with Roy Strickland, June 3, 1993.

46 “In those days you”: Recorded interview with Jules Elphant, SAGE Archive.

“I was aghast”: Author's interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.

“A lot of my ‘gay life'”: Author's interview with Paul Cadmus, October 29, 1992.

“There was a tolerance” … “good battalion to be in”:
Before Stonewall
(documentary).

47 “an extraordinary aspect” … “civilian life”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
46, 50.

48 “the stigmatization of homosexuals”: Ibid., 138–39.

“confirmed pervert” … court-martialed and imprisoned: Ibid., 143–44, 147.

“gone down” … “have done to you”: Author's interviews with Stanley Posthorn, May 24, 1993; and March 28, 1994.

49 When the army moved toward … homosexuals were sick: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
152, 148.

“in various military jobs”: Ibid., 170–72.

50 “This study was the first”: Ibid.,
277–78.
For the full text of these reports, see
Gays in Uniform: The Pentagon s Secret Reports,
ed. Kate Dyer.

“topped the average”:
Newsweek,
June 9, 1947.

“is unrelated to job performance”: ed. Kate Dyer,
Gays in Uniform: The Pentagon's Secret Reports,
ix.

“It was the most depressing”: Author's interview with “Stephen Reynolds,” September 24, 1992.

51 In 1945, they founded … “never lived together”: Recorded interview with Jules Elphant, SAGE Archive.

52 In 1947, America was shocked:
New York Times,
January 17, 1947; February 11, 1949; September 1, 1947; and February 18, 1949.

53 But just weeks after: John D'Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities,
34.

“religious background”: Alfred C. Kinsey,
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male,
3–4.

“no aspect of human biology”: Dr. Alan Gregg, ibid., v.

“To each individual”: Ibid.

54 The questionnaire about homosexual: Ibid., 623–25.

“You started out shy”: Author's interview with Otis Bigelow, April 28, 1994.

“gentle and quiet”: Author's interview with Paul Cadmus, May 20, 1995.

55 famous zero-to-six: Alfred C. Kinsey,
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male,
650–51.

“In view of the data”: Ibid., 659–60.

56 “The judge who is considering”: Ibid., 664–65.

“Homosexuality was thought”:
Before Stonewall
(documentary). Rusk biographical details:
New York Times,
November 5, 1989.

“end results”: Ibid., January 4, 1948.

57 “we have the right” … “behavior of each human being”: Ibid.

“degradation in American”: John D'Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities,
36.

“Lawrence Kubie was the prominent”: Allan Bérubé,
Coming Out Under Fire,
19.

“stuck a scalpel into”:
Time,
June 14, 1948.

“The statistics based on the”:
New York Times,
June 5, 1948.

“He was a celebrity”: Author's interview with “James Atcheson,” October 1, 1992.

“The implication that because”:
New York Times,
June 5, 1948.

58 “Kubie ruined Tennessee”: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

“All the so-called”: Author's interview with “Nicholas Simmons,” October 11, 1996.

“most of the sexual”:
Time,
June 14, 1948, and
New York Times,
June 5, 1948.

“By revealing that millions”: John D'Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities,
37.

59 “even a member of Congress”: Vidal,
The City and the Pillar,
150–152, and ibid. “You'd sit in the commissary”: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.

Laurents had a four-year: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

“The studios didn't care”: Ibid.

“You know, you're Farley's”: Arthur Laurents interviewed by Larry Kramer in
The Advocate,
May 16, 1995.

“Hitch wanted Cary Grant”: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

“I don't think the censors”:
The Celluloid Closet
(documentary).

60 “It didn't matter whether”: Author's interview with Arthur Laurents, June 14, 1995.

“I will not only not” … “But I did it anyway”: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.

“A frightening glimpse”:
New York Times Book Review,
January 11, 1948.

“The fact that it was a” … “this particular act”: Author's interview with Gore Vidal, January 14, 1994.