The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (116 page)

62.
K. Wilson
, ‘Drawing the Line at Constantinople’, in K. Wilson (ed.),
British Foreign Secretaries and Foreign Policy: From the Crimean War to the First World War
(1986), p. 202: Salisbury to Randolph Churchill, 1 October 1886.

63.
Darwin, ‘Imperialism and the Victorians’, p. 628.

64.
Bodl. Mss Selborne Box 5, Salisbury to Selborne, 26 August 1897.

65.
Salisbury's remark, Robinson and Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians
, p. 454.

66.
Rhodes House Library, Mss Afr.S 1525, John Holt Papers Box 3/7, George Goldie to George Miller, 13 November 1887.

67.
J. Flint
,
Sir George Goldie and the Making of Nigeria
(1960), p. 275: Goldie to Colonial Office, 21 July 1897.

68.
Flint,
Goldie
, p. 258; for the blitz of articles launched by Lugard in the British press in 1895–6, Perham,
Lugard: The Years of Adventure
, p. 544.

69.
Flint,
Goldie
, p. 207.

70.
Bodl. Mss Milner 3, Milner to Clinton Dawkins, 1 March 1895.

71.
Bodl. Mss Milner 3, Dawkins to Milner, 18 February 1895.

72.
Bodl. Mss Milner 3, Dawkins to Milner, 17 July 1896.

73.
Salisbury's essay was reprinted in
P. Smith
,
Lord Salisbury on Politics
(Cambridge, 1972).

74.
H. Spencer
,
The Man Versus the State
(1884).

75.
D. A. Hamer
,
John Morley: Liberal Intellectual in Politics
(Oxford, 1968), p. 162.

76.
R. F. Foster
,
Lord Randolph Churchill
(Oxford, 1981), p. 319.

77.
P. Marsh
,
Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics
(New Haven, 1994), p. 191.

78.
W. S. Churchill
,
Lord Randolph Churchill
(new edn, 1951), pp. 375–6.

79.
Ibid
., p. 521.

80.
Kubichek,
Administration of Imperialism
, p. 76.

81.
See
J. A. Hobson
,
Imperialism: A Study
(1902).

82.
G. R. Sloan
,
The Geopolitics of Anglo-Irish Relations in the Twentieth Century
(1997).

83.
P. Marsh
,
The Discipline of Popular Government
(1978), p. 303: Salisbury to Cranbrook, 19 October 1900.

84.
For a classic expression, see
F. W. Hirst
, ‘Imperialism and Finance’, in
Liberalism and the Empire: Three Essays
(1900), p. 75.

85.
A. M. Gollin
,
Proconsul in Politics
(1964), p. 106: Milner to Amery, 1 December 1906;
B. Porter
,
The Absentee-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society and Culture in Britain
(Oxford, 2004).

86.
See
A. S. Thompson
,
Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics c. 1880–1922
(2000), esp. chs. 1, 2, 3. See also his important study,
The Empire Strikes Back: The Impact of Imperialism on Britain since the Mid-Nineteenth Century
(2005).

87.
T. W. Freeman
,
A Hundred Years of Geography
(1961), pp. 58–9.

88.
J. MacKenzie
, ‘The Provincial Geographical Societies in Britain, 1884–1914’, in
M. Bell
,
R. Butlin
and
M. Heffernan
(eds.),
Geography and Imperialism 1820–1940
(Manchester, 1995).

89.
C.4715 (1886), Royal Commission on Trade and Industry,
Second Report
, Appendix Part One, p. 408.

90.
Ibid
., p. 402.

91.
Ibid
., p. 406.

92.
B. R. Mitchell
,
Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), pp. 47, 50.

93.
For this estimate, see
A. N. Porter
, ‘Religion and Empire: British Experience in the Long Nineteenth Century’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
20
, 3 (1992), 15–31.

94.
See the studies in
M. Harper
(ed.),
Emigrant Homecomings: The Return Movement of Migrants 1600–2000
(Manchester, 2007).

95.
H. A. L. Fisher
,
James Bryce
(1927) vol. I, p. 172.

96.
A. Seal
,
The Emergence of Indian Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1968), pp. 21–2.

97.
See
J. R. Seeley
,
The Expansion of England
(1883);
J. A. Froude
,
Oceana, or England and Her Colonies
(1886);
C. W. Dilke
,
Greater Britain
(1869).

98.
C. W. Dilke
,
The Present Position in European Politics
(1887), p. 360.

99.
See
S. Potter
,
News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876–1922
(Oxford, 2003).

100.
For Lord Strathcona, Canadian High Commissioner in London 1896–1914, see
B. Willson
,
The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal
(1915), chs. 21ff. Strathcona was Canada's most prestigious businessman.

101.
See
C. Kaul
,
Reporting the Raj: The British Press and India 1880–1922
(Manchester, 2003).

102.
S. D. Chapman
,
Merchant Enterprise in Britain: from the Industrial Revolution to World War I
(Cambridge, 1992), p. 203.

103.
W. Cronon
,
Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
(New York, 1991), p. 126.

104.
For an evocative account, see
R. Jefferies
, ‘A Wheat Country’, in his
Hodge and His Masters
(1880).

105.
For the peerage (who did better), see
A. Adonis
,
Making Aristocracy Work: The Peerage and the Political System in Britain 1884–1914
(Oxford, 1993), pp. 244–5. For the gentry, see
D. Cannadine
,
The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
(1990), p. 126.

106.
J. M. Crook
,
The Rise of the Nouveaux Riches
(1999), p. 12.

107.
See
J. MacKenzie
,
The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism
(Manchester, 1988).

108.
Crook,
Nouveaux Riches
, chs. 1, 2, 4.

109.
H. G. Wells
,
The New Machiavelli
(1911), p. 59.

110.
See
R. McKibbin
, ‘Why Was There No Marxism in Great Britain’,
English Historical Review
,
99
, 391 (1984), 297–331.

111.
See
G. Stedman-Jones
,
Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society
(Oxford, 1971), ch. 6. ‘The theory of urban degeneration’.

112.
A persistent theme in Froude,
Oceana
.

113.
See
G. R. Searle
,
Corruption in British Politics 1895–1930
(Oxford, 1987).

114.
J. Harris
,
Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870–1914
(Oxford, 1993), p. 12.

115.
M. Pugh
,
The Tories and the People
(Oxford, 1985), pp. 87–92.

116.
Quoted in
E. D. Steele
, ‘Imperialism and Leeds Politics c.1850–1914’, in
D. Fraser
(ed.),
History of Modern Leeds
(Manchester, 1980), pp. 344–5.

117.
G. Chisholm
,
Handbook of Commercial Geography
(7th edn, 1908), p. 58.

118.
H. Mackinder
,
Britain and the British Seas
(1902), p. 4.

119.
Ibid
., p. 11.

120.
Ibid
.

121.
W. C. Hutchinson
(ed.),
The Private Diaries of Sir Algernon West
(1922), p. 259: Ripon to Sir A. West, 26 January 1894.

122.
Quoted in
W. H. Parker
,
Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft
(Oxford, 1982), p. 61.

123.
See
C. Erickson
,
Leaving England
(Ithaca, 1994), ch. 3;
H. L. Malchow
,
Population Pressures: Emigration and Government in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain
(Palo Alto, 1979).

124.
A. J. Hammerton
,
Emigrant Gentlewomen: Genteel Poverty and Female Emancipation 1830–1914
(1979).

125.
G. Wagner
,
Children of the Empire
(1982).

126.
Cmd. 7695,
Report of the Royal Commission on Population
(1949), ch. 12.

127.
The classic account is
J. Roach
, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia’,
Cambridge Historical Journal
,
13
, 1 (1957), 58–81.

128.
This transition is explained in
E. T. Stokes
,
The English Utilitarians and India
(Oxford, 1959).

129.
The key concept in Kidd,
Social Evolution
.

130.
Hobson's ‘anti-imperialism’ did not permit the ‘closed economy’.

131.
Mackinder,
Britain and the British Seas
, pp. 348–9.

132.
Rhodes House Library, Mss Afr s.228, C. J. Rhodes Papers, C 27, Milner to Rhodes, 6 August 1898.

133.
B. Schwertfeger
(ed.),
Zur Europaischen Politik 1897: Unveroffentliche Dokumente, vol. I, 1897–1904
(Berlin, 1919), p. 32: Memo by Belgian Foreign Office, 13 June 1898.

134.
See
N. Blewett
, ‘The Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918’,
Past and Present
,
32
(1965), 27–56;
K. T. Hoppen
,
The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 265–6. The percentage was lower in Scotland and Ireland.

135.
R. Shannon
,
The Age of Salisbury
(1996), pp. 553, 556.

136.
See
D. A. Hamer
,
Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery
(Oxford, 1972), ch. 11.

137.
Schwertfeger,
Europaischen Politik
, p. 44: Memo by Belgian Foreign Office, 29 August 1898.

138.
See below ch. 6.

139.
Speech at the Royal Colonial Institute, 31 March 1897. See Robinson and Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians
, p. 404.

Chapter 3

1.
I have adapted this term from W. K. Hancock, who derived it from Adam Smith's ‘great mercantile republic’.

2.
PP 1898 (344),
Return of Public Income and Expenditure…1869–1898
, pp. 10, 20, 21.