The Design of Everyday Things (62 page)

Panic bars,
60
,
133

Paris Métro doors,
134–135

Passwords, remembering,
86–89
,
91
,
312

Patents,
238

Pedestrians, and electric cars,
157–161

Penny, knowledge in the head and in the world and,
74–75
,
77

People with special needs, designing for,
243–247

Perceive, as stage of evaluation,
41

Perceived affordances,
13
,
18
,
19
,
145
.
See also
Signifiers

Perform, as stage of execution,
41

Personality, attributing failure to,
61–62

Physical anthropometry,
243

Physical constraints,
124–128

    
battery design and,
125–127

    
forcing functions,
141–142
,
143

    
as knowledge in the world,
79

    
locks and keys and,
127–128

Pilots, remembering air-traffic control instructions,
105–107

Plan, as stage of execution,
41

Planned obsolescence,
291–292

Plato,
286

Poetry, constraints of,
82–85

Poka-yoke,
193

Porsche,
158

Positive psychology,
63–65

Precision, knowledge and,
76
,
79–82

Predictive typing,
266

Price, design and competition/focus on,
241
,
259
,
260
,
264

Problem identification in design,
217–220

    
double-diamond diverge-converge model of design and,
220–221

    
See also
Human-centered design (HCD)

Problem solving, reflective,
46–47

Procedural knowledge,
78–79

Procedural memory,
47
,
96–97

Product development

    
competitive forces in,
259–264

    
cycle of,
268–279

    
Don Norman's law of,
237–239

    
managing,
235–236

    
multidisciplinary needs,
34–36
,
238–239
,
241–243

    
process of,
221–230
,
234–236

    
prototyping,
227–228

    
technology and,
258
,
264–268

    
timing of innovation,
271–272

Product manager,
230

Products

    
development cycle,
260
,
268–279

    
failure of new products,
272
,
274

    
life cycle of,
294

    
stage gate methods,
234
,
235

    
success of,
293–294

Prospective memory,
107–109

Prototyping,
222
,
227–228
,
235

Psychology,
27–73
.
See also
Cognition

    
causal relations (blame),
59–65

    
cognition and emotion,
49–55
.

    
See also
Cognition
;
Emotion

    
falsely blaming self,
65–71

    
fundamental design principles and,
71–73

    
Gibsonian,
12

    
Gulfs of Evaluation and Execution,
38–40

    
human thought,
44–49

    
interplay with technology,
6–8

    
people as storytellers,
56–59

    
positive,
63–65

    
stages of action,
40–44
,
55–56
,
71–73
,
172–173

The Psychology of Everyday Things (POET)
,
xi
,
283
,
299–304

Punch
(magazine),
270

Purchasers

    
designing for,
241

    
users
vs
.,
117–118

    
See also
Customers

Purchasing process, usability and,
117–118

Quality, focus on customer and,
264

Questioning,
46
,
117
,
226–227
,
229
,
230
,
264
,
286
,
295
,
310

QWERTY keyboard,
254
,
266
,
275–278
,
318
,
319
.
See also
Keyboard

Radiation doses, sensibility checks and,
206

Radical innovation,
279–280
,
281–282

Rasmussen, Jens,
179

Reading
vs
. listening,
267

Reason, James,
164
,
170
,
208

Recycling,
294

Reflection,
45

    
design and,
53–54

    
relation to visceral and behavioral response,
54–55

    
stages of action and,
55–56

Reflective problem solving,
46–47

Refrigerator temperature controls, conceptual model and,
28–31

Rehearsal of material,
96
,
100–101

Reminders,
108–109

Reminding, strategies for,
106
,
107–109
,
110

Remington typewriter,
275
,
276
,
277

Remote controller, cultural effect on design of,
118
,
119

Repetitive cycles of design,
see
spiral design

Resilience engineering,
211–213

Retention, memory and,
94

Retrieval, memory and,
97–98

Retrospective decision making,
183

Reversing action,
see
Undo

Rhyming, constraints of,
83

Root cause analysis,
42
,
43–44
,
164–165

Rote learning,
98

Royal Majesty
cruise ship,
214

Rubin, David,
83

Rule-based behavior,
179
,
180

Rule-based mistakes,
171
,
180–184

Rules, deliberate violation of,
169–170

Safety.
See also
Accidents
;
Error

    
checklists,
189–191

    
electric vehicles, and
157–161

    
forcing functions,
142–145

    
interlocks,
142–143

    
lock-ins,
143–144

    
lockouts and,
144–145

    
management,
209–210
,
212–213

    
NASA's safety reporting system,
193–194

    
resilience engineering,
211–213

    
social and institutional pressures and,
186–189

    
sterile periods and,
200

    
Swiss cheese metaphor,
208–210

    
warning signals,
201

Sayeki, Yutaka,
99–100
,
102–103
,
105

Schank, Roger,
128–129

Schedules, product development,
237
,
240

Scheier, Michael,
233

Schindler elevators,
147

Scripts,
129

Scrum method of product development,
234

Security

    
design and,
90–91
,
255–257

    
identity theft and,
90

    
passwords as means of ensuring,
86–89
,
91

Semantic constraints,
124–125
,
129–130

Sensibility checks,
199
,
205–206

Shingo, Shigeo,
193

Sholes, Christopher Latham

    
typewriter,
275–276
.
See also
QWERTY

Short-term memory (STM),
92–95
,
102

Shower controls, design of,
73

Signifiers,
xv
,
10
,
12
,
13–20
,
72
,
298

    
affordances
vs
.,
xiv–xv
,
14
,
18
,
19

    
applied to everyday objects,
132–141

    
to bridge Gulf of Execution,
40

    
doors and,
15
,
16
,
132–135

    
external,
15

    
gesture-controlled devices and lack of,
115–116

    
as knowledge in the world,
79

    
misleading,
18–19

    
perceived affordances and,
145

    
poka-yoke technique and,
193

    
as reminders,
108–109

    
sound as,
155–161

    
on touch screen,
21

Signs,
15
,
18
,
19

Silence, problems with,
157–161

Simplified models,
100–105

Single-spout, single-control faucet,
153–154

Sink drain, signifiers for,
17

Skeuomorphic,
159

Skill-based behavior,
179
,
180
,
206–207

Sleep, memory and,
95–96

Sleep deprivation, error and,
210
,
211

Sliding doors,
16

Slips,
170–171
,
172–173

    
action,
171
,
173
,
174
,
194

    
capture,
174
,
208

    
classification of,
173–179

    
confirmation messages and,
204–205

    
description-similarity,
174
,
175

    
memory-lapse,
171
,
173
,
176–177
,
195

    
minimizing,
206–208