The Defence of the Realm (2 page)

8  MI9 Chemical Branch staff testing for secret writing (KV 1/73)

9  Carl Lody (
Queer People
by Basil Thompson, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1922)

10  Karl Müller (Popperfoto/Getty Images)

11  Maldwyn Haldane with Registry staff, 1918 (Service Archives)

12  Vernon Kell with heads of branches, 1918 (Service Archives)

13  Staff celebrating the Armistice on the roof of Waterloo House, 1918 (Service Archives)

14  Letter from Vernon Kell to staff on Armistice Day (Service Archives)

15  Maxwell Knight (Norman Parkinson Archive)

16  Jane Archer, 1924 (family archives)

17  Percy Glading, 1942 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

18  Melita Norwood, 1938 (Service Archives)

19  Melita Norwood, 1999 (Tony Harris/PA Archive/Press Association Images)

20  Message to Melita Norwood from her wartime controller, 1999 (by kind permission of David Burke)

21  Christopher Draper with Adolf Hitler, 1932 (
The Mad Major
by Christopher Draper, Air Review Ltd, 1962)

22  Christopher Draper flying under Westminster Bridge (
The Mad Major
by Christopher Draper, Air Review Ltd, 1962)

23  Wolfgang zu Putlitz's passport in the name of William Putter, 1938 (Service Archives)

24  Jona ‘Klop' Ustinov, 1920 (Service Archives)

25  Dick White,
c
. 1939 (Service Archives)

26  Staff relaxing at Wormwood Scrubs, 1940 (Service Archives)

27  Wormwood Scrubs office, November 1939 (Mary Evans Picture Library/Illustrated London News)

28  Vernon Kell at Wormwood Scrubs, 1940 (Service Archives)

29  Folkert van Koutrik,
c
. 1940 (Service Archives)

30  Anthony Blunt in military uniform, 1940 (Service Archives)

31  Surveillance photograph of John Gollan, 1942 (Service Archives)

32  Camp 020 (Imperial War Museum HU66759)

33  Robin ‘Tin-eye' Stephens (Service Archives)

34  J. C. Masterman (Service Archives)

35  Thomas Argyll ‘Tar' Robertson (Service Archives)

36  Juan Pujol (GARBO) with MBE, 1984 (© Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers Ltd)

37  Tomás ‘Tommy' Harris (Service Archives)

38  Mary Sherer (Service Archives)

39  Nathalie ‘Lily' Sergueiev (TREASURE) with her Abwehr case officer, Major Emil Kliemann, Lisbon, March 1944 (TNA KV 2/466)

40  Nathalie ‘Lily' Sergueiev's dog, Babs (TNA KV 2/466)

41  Guy Liddell with his brother, David Liddell (Service Archives)

42  Victor Rothschild,
c
. 1940 (Service Archives)

43  German bomb hidden in a crate of onions, February 1944 (KV 4/23)

44  Klaus Fuchs (Service Archives)

45  ‘Jim' Skardon and Henry Arnold (Service Archives)

46  Sir John Shaw (Copyright unknown, courtesy of Harry S. Truman Library)

47  Aden, 1963 (Former member of staff, private collection)

48  Roger Hollis (Service Archives)

49  Jomo Kenyatta at Lancaster House, 1963 (PA/PA Archive/Press Association Images)

50  Gordon Lonsdale (Service Archives)

51  Harry Houghton and Ethel Gee, 1960 (Service Archives)

52  Charles Elwell, 1960 (Service Archives)

53  Evgeni Ivanov, 1961 (Service Archives)

54  The Soviet service attachés' address written in lipstick (Service Archives)

55  Evgeni Ivanov sketched by Stephen Ward (Camera Press, London)

56  Milicent Bagot with CBE, 1967 (family archives)

57  Bert Ramelson and Lawrence Daly, 1969 (Service Archives)

58  Betty Reid, 1972 (Service Archives)

59  An MI5 observation post,
c
. 1970 (Service Archives)

60  Oleg Lyalin, 1971 (Service Archives)

61  Soviet intelligence officers leaving the UK after Operation FOOT, 1971 (© Mirrorpix)

62  Registry staff carrying out ‘look-ups' in the card index,
c
. 1970 (Service Archives)

63  Patrick Walker and Stephen Lander, 1984 (former member of staff, private collection)

64  Cricket score card, 23 June 1984 (Service Archives)

65  Oleg Gordievsky, 1982 (Service Archives)

66  Mr and Mrs Arkadi Guk (© Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers Ltd)

67  Václav Jelínek, Czech illegal known as Erwin Van Haarlem, 1988 (Service Archives)

68  Van Haarlem's kitchen at the time of his arrest, 2 April 1988 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

69  PIRA mortar attack on Downing Street, February 1991 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

70  Donal Gannon and Gerard Hanratty, Operation AIRLINES, 1996 (Service Archives)

71  Siobhan O'Hanlon, Gibraltar, February 1988 (Service Archives)

72  Ceremonial Guard, Gibraltar (Service Archives)

73  Moinul Abedin, Operation LARGE, 2000 (Service Archives)

74  Omar Khyam and Mohammed Momin Khawaja, Operation CREVICE, 2004 (Service Archives)

75  Dhiren Barot, Operation RHYME, 2004 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

76  Muktah Said Ibrahim and Ramzi Mohammed, Operation HAT, July 2005 (Solo Syndication/Associated Newspaper Ltd)

77  Yassin Hassan Omar, Operation HAT, July 2005 (© Metropolitan Police Authority)

78  Ramzi Mohammed and Yassin Omar at a training camp, Cumbria, 2004 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

79  Bilal Abdulla purchasing a gas canister, 2007 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

80  Gas canister in failed bomb attack, London, 2007 (© Metropolitan Police Authority 2009)

81  Operational training (Service Archives)

82  Jonathan Evans in the Intelligence Operations Centre, 2009 (Service Archives)

With thanks to the Metropolitan Police for supplying pictures 17, 68, 69, 75, 77, 78, 79 and 80.

Integrated Illustrations

Frontispiece: ‘The Hidden Hand', New Year card, 1918 (Service Archives)

Title page: The Security Service's all-seeing eye (Service Archives)

xx  Cartoon,
Spectator
, 29 November 1986 (© Michael Heath. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

xxxvi  MI5 Headquarters, 1909–2009 (all photographs from Service Archives except for 1 and 3, courtesy of the City of Westminster Archives)

16  German espionage in Essex, 1908 (The
Graphic
, 15 July 1908)

22  Memorandum recording Vernon Kell's appointment to the Secret Service Bureau, 1909 (TNA WO 106/6292)

24  Vernon Kell's letter of acceptance, 1909 (TNA WO 106/6292)

57  William Hinchley Cooke's War Office Pass, 1914 (Service Archives)

57  William Hinchley Cooke's Alien Registration Certificate, 1917 (Service Archives)

60  
Maldwyn Haldane and Registry staff (Joseph Sassoon, Service Archives)

62  ‘Miss Thinks She is Right' (P. W. Marsh, Service Archives)

62  ‘The Lost File' (By kind permission of R. H. Gladstone)

64  ‘The Latest Recruits' (By kind permission of R. H. Gladstone)

114, 115 Invitation to the March 1919 MI5 Victory celebrations and ‘Hush-Hush' Revue, 1919 (By kind permission of R. H. Gladstone)

141  Liberty and Securitý, New Year card, 1920 (India Office Library MSS Eur. E. 267/10b © The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved)

165  Extract from the
Red Signal
and DPP memo, 1933 (TNA KV 4/435)

169  Arnold Deutsch (Service Archives)

173  Extract from CUSS minute book (Service Archives)

233  Letter referring to staff at Keble College, 1941 (By kind permission of the Warden and Fellows of Keble College, Oxford)

243  ‘Susan Barton's' letter to ‘Dorothy' (Dick) White, 1939 (Service Archives)

271  The Official Secrets Act signed by Guy Burgess (Service Archives)

290,  291 Extract from a Report to the Prime Minister on Activities of Security Service, 1943 (Service Archives)

295  GARBO's fictitious network of agents (Service Archives)

301-3  Notes on the code used by TREASURE (TNA KV 2/464)

303  Diagram of the code used by TREASURE (TNA KV 2/464)

306  German map with false location of Allied forces in the UK, 15 May 1944 (US National Archives)

307  Map with actual deployment of Allied forces in the UK, 15 May 1944 (US National Archives)

356  Press article, Betty Knouth,
Daily Express
, 25 August 1948 (© Express Newspapers Syndication)

414  Handwritten list of Labour MPs with alleged links to the Communist Party, 1961 (Service Archives)

437  Cartoon by Jon [William John Philpin Jones],
Daily Mail
, 2 July 1963 (© Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers Ltd. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

505  Cartoon,
Sunday Telegraph
, 14 July 1963 (© John Jensen. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

562  MI5 recruitment advertisement,
Guardian
, 1988 (Service Archives)

564  
Cartoon by Bernard Cookson,
Sun, 29
April 1987 (© NI Syndication. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

568  Lyalin's map showing possible deployment of a Soviet sabotage group in the UK (Service Archives)

572  Cartoon by Bernard Cookson,
Evening News
, 1 October 1971 (© Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers Ltd. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

573  Identified hostile intelligence personnel in London, 1967–1988 (Service Archives)

721  Cartoon by John Kent,
Daily Mail
, 23 April 1984 (© Solo Syndication/Associated Newspapers Ltd. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

729  Václav Jelínek's (Van Haarlem's) coded radio message, 1988 (Service Archives)

742  A4 surveillance map, Gibraltar, 1988 (Service Archives)

764  Cartoon,
Independent
, 26 November 1986 (© Nicholas Garland. Courtesy of the British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent)

792  MI5 recruitment advertisement,
Guardian
, 2002–3 (Service at Archives)

587  MI5 recruitment literature, ‘Great assumptions about a career MI5', 2002–3 (Service Archives)

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. The author and publishers will gladly make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their attention
.

Foreword by the Director General of the Security Service

I am very pleased to have the opportunity to write a foreword for Christopher Andrew's authorized history of the Security Service. Stephen Lander, Director General of the Service between 1996 and 2002, recognized that a history of the Security Service would be an appropriate way to mark our centenary in 2009 and he began the project of which this book is the outcome. Both his successor, Eliza Manningham-Buller, and I have been closely involved in its development. We decided very early on that, to generate the public understanding and support that is vital to the Service's continued success, we needed to commission an ‘open' history for publication rather than a ‘closed' one for internal consumption. It was also important for the book to be written by an independent historian, who could make objective judgements on the successes and failures of the Service in its first hundred years. We have been fortunate in having, in Professor Christopher Andrew, an author with an exceptional understanding of the intelligence world, a great capacity to research and identify key material from the very large volumes available in our files and the confidence to draw his own conclusions. I would like to thank him for the professionalism and dedication he has shown throughout the project.

The Security Service is, of course, an organization much of whose work must remain secret. This is to protect those who share information with us and ensure that they and others will have the confidence to do so in the future, and to prevent those who seek to harm this country and its people from gaining information which might help them carry out their plans. Writing a history for publication which covers the work of the Service up to the present day is, therefore, a considerable challenge and one which I do not believe that any other major intelligence or security service anywhere in the world has attempted. But for me, and for the previous DGs who have been involved in this project, it is a challenge worth attempting. The Security Service of 2009 is a much more open organization than that of 1909 or even 1980, when I first applied to join. This reflects the expectations
of society at large that public institutions should be properly accountable. It also reflects the changing nature of the threats we face. For much of the first eighty years of its existence, the Security Service was concerned with various forms of foreign state espionage. This was, and remains, a vital area of our work, but in the last twenty years terrorism has become the most significant threat with which we deal. The direct impact of terrorism on the life of the average resident of the UK is much greater than that of espionage or some of the other threats with which the Service has dealt. It is therefore important that we as a Service are as open and transparent as possible, within the constraints of what the law allows, because that openness, by supporting public confidence in us, helps us do our job of protecting national security. In the last twenty years we have begun publicly to acknowledge the identity of the Director General of the Service; we have moved to a system of recruitment of staff through open advertising; we have established a public website; and we have instituted a programme of releasing some of our older records to The National Archives. These and other developments are a reflection of a commitment to being as open as we can about what we do, of which this History is the most recent and in many ways the most ambitious demonstration.

Striking the balance in the text between openness and the protection of national security has been a complex and demanding exercise requiring many hours of detailed discussion between Professor Andrew and members of the Service, and an extensive clearance process involving other departments and agencies. The History as published includes some information that is embarrassing or uncomfortable to the Service. Information has only been omitted if its disclosure would damage national security or, in a small number of cases, if its publication would be inappropriate for wider public interest reasons. Inevitably, more material damaging to national security has been omitted from the more modern parts of the book. Given the sensitivity of the judgements concerning omissions on national security grounds, the principles which have governed our approach to the text are given in some detail on the Service's website at
www.MI5.gov.uk/output/centenary-history-policy-on-disclosure.html
. In particular, we have ensured that everything included in the text is both consistent with the Government's policy on ‘Neither Confirm nor Deny' (NCND) and at the same time necessary to meet our aims in publishing Professor Andrew's work. The consequence of this clearance process is that there is nothing in the book which could prejudice national security.