The Death of Che Guevara

Contents

Dates

1927
The Communist Party of China leads an uprising in Shanghai, a general strike, an assault on the police station to gain arms for the rebels. The uprising—badly coordinated, poorly armed—misfires, is put down, is … (but what word for political error, historical misfortune might make vivid so many deaths?) … by Kuomintang troops. Thirty-five years later, Regis Debray, a French theoretician, gathers up the dead from the streets of Shanghai, orders them into the cunning of history, draws a lesson, a moral: “But the blood shed in Shanghai must not be inscribed in the deficit column of the Revolution, as though it were the result of an error of judgment … the theoretical proof that an isolated urban insurrection cannot achieve victory in a semi-colonial country had to be made in practice.” (The country surrounds the city.)
1928
Profitable outlets cannot be found for the reinvestment of profits made by the industrial monopolies. Money is drained from the economy or wagered pointlessly. Inventories build. These manufactured things, things that too few can buy, stand against their makers, menace them.
1929
Panic on Wall Street, and in the City of London. Argentina, whose wealth is beef sold to the industrialized countries, discovers again that it does not make history, but, like a terrified dreamer, merely suffers events.
1930
Irigoyen, the blind, now unpopular President of Argentina, sits alone in an unlit room. He is overthrown by the Army under General Uriburu. In China, Chiang’s troops move against the Communist bases in Kiangsi, Fukien, Hopeh. Gandhi gaily walks two hundred miles across India to the Arabian Sea. In defiance of British law, he picks up some salt from the shore. His gesture enters the imagination of the Indian masses, is completed by them, becomes an action. Thousands join Gandhi in defiance, illegally dry seawater on the rooftops for salt, hawk it openly in the streets. Nonviolent marchers move towards the Dharasana Salt Works, the British monopoly. (Their chests are naked, their ribs exposed.) Native policemen, goaded on by their British officers, shatter the marchers’ heads with steel lathes. The marchers do not even raise their arms against the blows. Enraged by this passivity, this restraint, the police fracture men’s skulls,
kick and stab marchers in the testicles.
1931
The Roca-Runciman Agreement is signed: the British to buy Argentine beef; the Argentines to purchase British manufactured goods. Few national industries are developed in Argentina. Through this, and other measures, the large landowners secure their power over the country.
1934
The Long March of the Chinese Red Army begins, away from Kiangsi and into northern Shensi, away from the cities and deep into the countryside. (The country surrounds the city.) Tens of thousands of soldiers die on the march, from lack of food, from lack of warm clothing, from lack of boots. (This is not the sort of world where a fellow can take his boots off.) In Cuba, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista leads the overthrow of the government of Grau San Martin. Those who protest are tortured and then shot. (Batista himself sets the style for his administration: He announces his coup to a meeting of his fellow officers. A colleague objects. Batista puts his arm around the man’s shoulders, and shoots his fellow officer’s head off with his own service revolver.) The United States extends recognition to the new government.
1935
Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty, and establishes military training for all Germans. The Comintern, in the Soviet Union, calls for formation of Popular Front governments. The Soviet Union announces that when the capitalist jackals fight, it will side with the capitalist democracies against the Fascists.
1936
General Franco leads a rising of dissident troops against the Spanish Republican government. Irregular forces of Anarchist miners and P.O.U.M. (Partido Oberero de Unificacion Marxista) resist the advance of the Fascists. A Revolutionary Committee comes to power in Barcelona. The Germans send ten thousand troops to the aid of Franco. The Fascists begin a massive aerial bombardment of soldiers and civilians, of the men, women, and children of Madrid. In Argentina, the Radical Party wins the congressional elections. An Argentine Popular Front is organized. It is a hopeful time (for even bad marriages seem full of possibility at the start). Victory in the next presidential election seems certain. In the Soviet Union the show trials of Zinoviev and Kamenev begin. (They will be executed by firing squad as “agents of Trotsky and spies of the Nazis.”)
1937
Fraudulent elections are held in Argentina. The army candidates defeat the Popular Front. General Ortiz, a diabetic, takes power. His fellow officers find him too weak towards the opposition. He will resign in favor of General Castillo. The Soviet Union sends advisers and guns to the Republicans in Spain. The Communist Party reads the Agenda of History for the Spanish people. The time for a Communist revolution is … not yet. There can be only one leadership, one direction, one vanguard party. Negrin takes over as head of the Republican government. He declares, “The War must be won before the Revolution can be carried further.” By command of the party, the P.O.U.M. is suppressed,
its leaders jailed or killed. The miners’ militias are not sent arms or supplies, are left to die before the Fascist advance. Other socialist, but non-party, units are dissolved, and their men are reintegrated into brigades of the regular Army. Their officers are jailed. Throughout the Left there is a pervasive confusion about what is happening in Spain, an icy wind that leaves each person isolated, afraid to move for fear of touching something unintentionally, while his limbs are tender. Had the Communists betrayed the miners so as not to disturb the digestion of their new allies, the Paris bourgeoisie? Or were the miners treacherously undisciplined cowards, the class enemy in one of the many disguises that only the Party can penetrate? The confusion—the lack of clarity—is worse for the Left (the Argentine left) than even the worst knowledge might have been. It invades all their certainties, makes them unsure of all they thought they knew, ironic towards themselves, paralyzed.
1938
The Communist Party of Cuba begins cooperation with the Batista government. The Munich Pact is signed. Germany occupies Austria. The Soviet show trials of Bukharin, Rykov, and Yagoda end with their sham confessions.
1939
The Soviets sign a ten-year nonaggression pact with Germany. (No longer able to locate the hero in this movie, one twists uncomfortably in one’s seat.) Franco takes Barcelona, executing tens of thousands of Loyalists. During the Spanish Civil War seven hundred thousand men are killed in battle. Fifteen thousand people die (that solemn word!) in aerial bombardment. Three hundred thousand are executed or assassinated. (You and he are of the same family. He must be annihilated utterly.)
1940
Batista makes himself President of Cuba. (A day’s work for the dictator: he chooses his clothes, ties his tie, puts commas in letters, reties his tie.)
1941
Argentina, its army officers sympathetic to fascism and opposed to Britain and the United States, refuses to join with the other American republics in breaking with the Axis. Yugoslavia surrenders to Germany, but partisan guerrilla units continue to fight in the mountains. Chinese Communist guerrillas and regular units lead the resistance to the Japanese invaders.
1943
In Argentina a group of German-trained army officers overthrow the government of General Castillo. General Ramirez becomes head of state. The Ministry of Education is turned over to a fascist and anti-Semite, Gustavo Zuirria. He purges all democratic teachers from the schools. Catholic education is restored. Students protest (even in the mountain province of Cordoba, a place good for one’s asthma but far from the métropole). The German Sixth Army surrenders at Stalingrad. Six hundred thousand soldiers and civilians die in the battle, or are destroyed by cold and famine.
1944
The United States, its attention elsewhere, relaxes its hold on Latin America, for a time; a nationalist revolution, led by the army, begins in Guatemala. In Argentina, Colonel Peron becomes Minister of Labor. He raises wages and gains the support of
the grandsons of Italian and Spanish immigrants, his “shirtless ones.”
1945
Colonel Peron is forced to resign by Argentina’s generals, who fear his growing power. They imprison Peron on Martin Garcia Island. His wife, Evita, an actress, rallies his supporters, leads a demonstration in Buenos Aires of millions of workers. They take over the streets and squares of the city. The unions call for a general strike. Peron is freed. Ho Chi Minh, who led the guerrilla forces against the Japanese in Indochina, proclaims the independence of Vietnam from France. He begins a “regular” war against the French, to free Vietnam, and make all of Indochina one state. France has the “Republic of Cochin China” declared at Saigon.
1946
Fidel Castro, an ambitious man, is elected President of the Association of Cuban Law Students. Peron is overwhelmingly elected President of Argentina. The French bombard the port and people of Haiphong.
1947
Castro, an adventurous man, joins an expedition to liberate the Dominican Republic from the tyrant Trujillo. The expedition fails, most of the band is killed, but Castro, a fortunate man, escapes. Civil war spreads throughout China, the Communist forces against those of the Kuomintang. Peron, in conflict with Great Britain and the United States, purges the courts of all but the most loyal Peronistas. After years of mass unrest, nonviolent demonstrations, and sporadic rioting, the British find that it is no longer in their interest to remain in India as its colonial rulers. The colony is freed.
1948
Fidel Castro, a convincing man, attends the Conference of Latin American Students in Bogota, Colombia. During the conference Eliecer Gaitan, a popular Colombian leader, is assassinated by rightists. There is a vast rising in the city. It is said later (by the United States ambassador to Cuba) that Castro’s voice was heard over the radio, announcing, inciting, instructing, cajoling the rising. The demonstrations are put down.
1949
The Argentine Constitution is changed, so that Peron can succeed himself. The Communists are victorious in China. (The country surrounds the city.) Mao Tse-tung heads the new government.
1950
War begins between the Korean Communists and the Koreans who have the support of the United States.
1951
Paz Estenssoro, a leader of the nationalist and anti-feudal forces, is elected President of Bolivia. But the election is annulled by the army. (Pieces of a new interpretation: In Latin America power belongs to the army. And to whoever can purchase the army. This thesis will be inscribed, and reinscribed, on the body of the Latin American masses.) The Vietnamese Communists return to guerrilla tactics against the French. (The country surrounds the city.)
1952
In Cuba, the Ortodoxos party wins the general election. Batista (now General Batista) annuls the elections and takes power again. (He has telephone conversations taped all over the island and sent to him. What do people say about him? How do they live?) Fidel Castro, a courageous man, brings charges against Batista
in the Cuban courts, accusing him of violating the Constitution. (Castro’s gesture, his tactic, will become theory: a people’s war cannot be begun until every hope of legal redress has been exhausted.) General Perez Jimenez takes over Venezuela by coup. In Bolivia a force made up of Indians, peasants, miners, and cadre of the Movement for a National Revolution smash the regular army and bring Paz Estenssoro to power. (Pieces of a new interpretaion: if power belongs to the army, or those who can purchase the army, then only another armed force can defeat the regular army, gain power for the people. In Latin America the peasant will be the base of the Revolution.) In Argentina, Peron’s policies, the corruption of his government, and the opposition of the industrialized countries have crippled the Argentine economy. Land reform begins in China. In Guatemala, Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman signs a land-reform bill expropriating 225,000 acres of United Fruit Company land, for distribution to the peasantry. The United Fruit Company, and the State Department of the United States, express their displeasure. The United States takes over the financing of French forces in Vietnam. (Greece, Macedonia, Rome, Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, as all schoolchildren know, had empires.) In Argentina, Eva Peron, Protector of the Forsaken, Defender of the Workers, Guiding Light of the Children, dies. Peron, perhaps not sensitive enough to the country’s feelings, takes up with a series of attractive women.
1953
Fidel Castro, a reckless man, leads a hundred twenty people in an attack against the Moncada barracks in Santiago. They plan to seize arms, and by their actions spark a general uprising. The attack occurs during the confusion of carnival time. The rebels, disguised in carnival costumes, had planned to emerge from the crowd, and move on the barracks. Badly coordinated, poorly armed, the insurgents lose their way in the streets of Santiago. Those who make it to the barracks are defeated by the soldiers. The rebel reinforcements, wandering in the unfamiliar streets, never arrive. Most of the insurgents are captured, tortured, and then killed by the police. Fidel Castro, a fortunate man, escapes to the mountains, and is not discovered until after the Bishop of Santiago has interceded to stop the executions. Fidel Castro, isolated, is tried in secret for the rebellion. A rhetorical man when menaced, Castro delivers a speech to the court, concluding that “History will absolve me.” He is sentenced to fifteen years in prison on the Isle of Pines. The United States, no longer diverted, has recovered economically from the war. The State Department, and the CIA, begin operations to overthrow the government of Guatemala. They train mercenaries in Honduras for the invasion. Bolivia nationalizes its tin mines and passes land-reform laws that are acceptable to the United States. The Vietnamese Communists have an army now of 125,000. The French have 230,000 soldiers in Vietnam. The main center of
French strength is the huge entrenched (and doomed) camp at Dien Bien Phu.