The Day of Battle (159 page)

Thanks also to Tom Bowers, Michael Briggs, Tom Brokaw, Robert C. Callahan, Herman Chanowitz, Alexander S. Cochran, Edward M. Coffman, Steve Coll, Maj. Gen. (ret.) E. J. Delaune, Jr., Glenn Frankel, Maj. Gen. Benjamin C. Freakley, Arthur L. Funk, Paul Fussell, Arthur Hadley, Sir Max Hastings, Ken Hechler, David Kahn, Howard S. Koontz, Lewis Libby, James H. McCall, Col. H. R. McMaster, Lovern Nauss, Randy Norton, Gen. David H. Petraeus, Panthea Reid, Mark J. Reardon, David Roberts, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Robert H. Scales, Jr., Col. (ret.) Lewis “Bob” Sorley, Frank Stech, Layne A. Van Arsdale, David Von Drehle, Geoffrey D. W. Wawro, Gerhard L. Weinberg, James S. “Scott” Wheeler, and Maj. Gen. David Zabecki.

Grateful acknowledgment is made of permission to quote various materials: Stanford University, for the selected writings of Langan W. Swent; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, for extracts from his father’s writings; Geoffrey B. Keyes, for extracts from his father’s diary; Jean Framp, for extracts from “The Littlest Victory” by Charles Framp; Jerry Countess, for extracts from his letters; John J. Toffey IV, for extracts from his manuscript, “A Game for the Young,” and from his father’s letters; John B. Romeiser, for extracts from the war diary of Don Whitehead; Paul W. Brown, for extracts from his memoir; the trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, for extracts from the papers of W.E.V. Abraham, Lord Alanbrooke, C.W. Allfrey, J. S. Elliott, S. C. Kirkman, B. H. Liddell Hart, J. N. Nelson, W.R.C. Penney, Aidan Mark Sprot, and P.L.E. Wood; Joachim
Liebschner, for extracts from “Iron Cross Roads,” which has recently been published by Athena Press; Gilbert Allnutt, for extracts from “A Fusilier Remembers Italy” Mrs. J. K. Windeatt, for extracts from her late husband’s “Very Ordinary Soldier” Martin Smith, for extracts from
Waltonia,
the memoir of his father, Bert Smith; C. Richard Eke, for extracts from “A Game of Soldiers” the copyright holder of K. G. Oakley’s “Sicily, 1943” John H. Clagett, for extracts from his unpublished biography of H. Kent Hewitt; and the Columbia University Oral History Research Office, for extracts from a 1961 interview of H. Kent Hewitt by John T. Mason.

In instances where current copyright holders could not be located, or where permissions arrived too late to be noted in this edition, I will gladly include acknowledgments in future editions.

I am once again in the debt of John Sterling, the president and publisher of Henry Holt and Company, whose contributions as my editor and friend for five books over the past two decades may be inferred from the dedication at the front of this volume. Thanks also at Holt to Maggie Richards, Kenn Russell, Richard Rhorer, Eileen Lawrence, Claire McKinney, Emily Montjoy Belford, Chuck Thompson, and the extraordinarily capable Jolanta Benal, who, as the copy editor on both volumes of the Liberation Trilogy, has improved every page.

My children, Rush and Sarah, helped enormously with document and photo research, bibliographical organization, and the inevitable technological rescues of their Luddite father. My wife, Jane, provided all the rest, as ever.

“The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.”

Entries in
italics
refer to maps. Military units are listed by nation in numerical order.

Aas, Lt. Ivar H.

Abercrombie
, H.M.S.

ACHSE, Operation

Acute
, H.M.S.

Adams, Henry

Adriatic front

Aeneas

Aeneid, The
(Virgil)

Aeschylus

African Americans

air bases

airborne operations

AVALANCHE
and

HUSKY
and

HUSKY
and friendly fire

Gela

LADBROOKE
and

North Africa and

Primosole Bridge

proposed
GIANT II
, in Rome

airpower

Allied vs. German

AVALANCHE
and

Cassino and

Gela and

morale problems and

Troina and

Albano

Albano, Lake

Alexander, Gen. Sir Harold R.L.G. “Alex”

aftermath of Italian campaign and

Anzio or
SHINGLE
and

AVALANCHE
and

background of

campaign after fall of Rome and

Cassino and

Clark and

DIADEM
and

HUSKY
and

Italian mainland campaign and

Italian peace overtures and

Italian resistance and

leadership style of

liberation of Rome and

Monte Cassino bombing and

Rapido and

reorganization by, in spring 1944 and

winter campaign and

Allen, Mary Fran

Allen, Maj. Gen. Terry de la Mesa

Allied 15th Army Group

Allied Air Forces.
See also
British Royal Air Force; U.S. Army Air Forces

“Allied Bridgehead Force”

Allied Expeditionary Force

Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ)

Italian peace overture and

Allied Naval Forces

AVALANCHE
and

HUSKY
and

Almond, Maj. Gen. Edward M.

Altavilla

Amalfi

AMGOT
(Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories)

amphibious landings

AVALANCHE

Brolo and

HUSKY

lessons of

importance of

proposed north of Naples

SHINGLE

Ancon
, U.S.S.

Anders, Gen. Wl/adysl/aw

Anderson, Marian

Andrus, Brig. Gen. Clift “Mr. Chips”

Anglo-American alliance and tensions

Anglophobia of U.S. commanders and

Anzio and

British disdain for U.S. generals and

British terminology and

Cairo and Teheran disputes over cross-Channel invasion and

Cassino and

Clark vs. Alexander and drive to Rome

decision to invade mainland Italy after Sicily and

Ike and

Ike and Monty depart for
OVERLORD
and

LADBROOKE
disaster and

Monte Cassino and

Monty and

Patton vs. Monty and drive to Palermo and Messina

preparation for
HUSKY
and

Rapido and Anzio plan doubts and

TRIDENT
and cross-Channel invasion vs. Mediterranean campaign and

winter campaign and

Antony, Mark

ANVIL

“Anzio Annie”

Anzio Beachhead Psychiatry Society

Anzio.
See also
SHINGLE

assault on Gustav Line and Rapido for attack on Rome and plan for

black airmen’s success at

Churchill presses for

Cisterna and

DIADEM
and

German counterattacks and

history of

landings and early advance

staging for

stalemate at

supplies and

as turning point in war

weather and

Apennines

Aprilia (the Factory)

Aquinas, St. Thomas

Ardeatine Caves massacre

Aristotle

Arizona
, U.S.S.

Arnold, Gen. H. H. “Hap”

Aroostook
, U.S.S.

Ashley, Lt. Willie, Jr.

Atkinson, Brig. Gen. Joseph H.

Atlantic Wall

Augustus, Caesar

Aurunci Mountains

Auschwitz

Austria

AVALANCHE
, Operation.
See also
Naples; Salerno

“Black Monday”

Clark chosen to lead

evacuation considered

gains and losses

German retreat and

Italian peace overture and

landing

preparations for

AVENGER
, Operation

Axis Sally

Axis.
See also specific countries; leaders; military campaigns; and units

escape at Messina and

HUSKY
and

retreat from Calabria

territory held by, in May 1943

Ayling, Col. John G.

B-17 Flying Fortress bombers

B-24 Liberator bombers

B-25 Mitchell bombers

B-26 Marauder bombers

B-29 bombers

Baade, Col. Ernst-Günther

Badoglio, Marshal Pietro

Bailey, Capt. Leslie W.

Bailey bridges

Baldwin, Hanson

Balkans

Barbara Line

Bari mustard gas explosion

Barnett, Corelli

Barnett
, U.S.S.

Barrie, J. M.

Battipaglia “Batty P”

Battle of Britain, The
(film)

Battler
, H.M.S.

BAYTOWN
, Operation

BBC

Beacham, F.R.

“Beachhead Army”

Beachhead Bugle
(newspaper)

Belden, Jack

Belisarius

Benedict, St.

Benjamin Franklin
(Van Doren)

Bennett, Paul G.

Bentivegna, Rosario

Berlin, bombing of

Berlin, Irving

Bernard, Lt. Col. Lyle A.

Bernhardt Line

Bess, Demaree

Biddle, George

Bigart, Homer

Big Cassino plan

Big Week (bombing)

biological warfare

Biscari

massacre of POWs at

Biscayne
, U.S.S.

black market

Blackshirts

Blenheim, battle of (1704)

Bloch, Herbert

Blumenson, Martin

Boer War

Bogart, Humphrey

Boise
, U.S.S.

BOLERO

bombing

of Anzio

of Austria

AVALANCHE
and

of Bari

of Bulgaria

of Cassino town

DIADEM
and

of Frascati

of Germany

of Hungary

of Italy

of Japan

of Malta

of Messina

of Monte Cassino abbey

of Naples

of Romania

of Rome

of Salerno

of Sicily

of Yugoslavia

Bombing Directive No. 2

Bond, Lt. Harold

Bonifica integrale

Bourke-White, Margaret

Bove, Pietro

Bowlby, Alex

Bradenstein, Warren

Bradley, Gen. Omar Nelson

background of

Clark vs.

Patton and

Brand, Max

Brann, Brig. Gen. Donald W.

BRASS RAIL
, Operation

Brave Men
(Pyle)

Brindisu
, H.M.S.

British 1st Airborne Division

British 1st Division

British 1st Guards Brigade

British 1st Loyals

British 1st Royal Tank Regiment

British 2nd Para Brigade

British 2nd Scots Guards

British 3rd Brigade

British 4th Armoured Brigade

British 4th Infantry Division

British 5th Division

British 5th Grenadier Guards

British V Corps

British 6th Armoured Division

British 6th Gordons

British 6th Lancers

British Eighth Army

AVALANCHE
and

Bari and

Cassino and

DIADEM
and

HUSKY
and

Italian campaign and, after fall of Rome

Italian mainland campaign and

liberation of Rome and

Monty as leader of

winter campaign and, on Adriatic front

British X Corps

British XIII Corps

British 21st Lancers

British 24th Guards Brigade

British 25th Tank Brigade

British XXX Corps

British 46th Division

British 48th Highlanders

British 50th Division

British 51st Highland Division

British 56th Division

British 78th Division

British 201st Guards Brigade

British Air Ministry

British Bomber Command

British Coldstream Guards

British Commandos

British Derbyshire Yeomanry

British Devon regiment

British Dorset regiment

British Grenadier Guards

British House of Commons

British Imperial General Staff

British King’s Dragoon Guards

British Northamptonshire patrol

British Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry

British Royal Air Force (RAF)

British Royal Artillery

British Royal Engineers

British Royal Fusiliers

British Royal Hampshire Regiment

British Royal Marines

British Royal Navy

British Scots Guards

British Twelfth Army (fictional)

Brolo

Brooke, Gen. Sir Alan

Brown, Lt. Allen T.

Brown, Lt. John Mason

Brown, Paul W.

Brown, Ranger

Brown, Sgt. Haskell

Brutus

Buckley, Christopher

Buckley, Lt. Francis X.

Buddenhagen, Ranger

BUFFALO
, Operation

Bulolo
, H.M.S.

Burma

Butcher, Cdr. Harry C.

Byron, Lord

C-47 Dakota aircraft

Caesar, Julius

Caesar Line

Cairo conferences

Calabria

Caligula

Calore river

Cambrai, battle (WW I)

Campoleone

Canadian I Corps

Canadian 1st Armoured Brigade

Canadian 1st Infantry Division

Canadian forces

Canadian Loyal Edmontons

Canadian Seaforth Highlanders

Canaris, Adm. Wilhelm F.

Cannae, battle of

Cannon, Maj. Gen. John K.

Capa, Robert

Capitoline hill

Carboni, Gen. Giacomo

Carleton, Brig. Gen. Don E.

Carpenter, Francis

Carroceto

Carthage meeting

Casablanca conference

Casablanca
(film)

Caserta Palace

Cassible agreement

Cassino

Anzio and

battle of

bombing of Monte Cassino and

DIADEM
and

fall of

DICKENS
and

LUDLUM
bombing and

Naples and

postwar

stalemate at

strategic failings of

weather and

Castaldi, Orlando

Castel Gandolfo

Castellano, Gen. Giuseppe

Castle Hill (Point 193)

Catania

Catch-22
(Heller)

Cato the Younger

censorship

Chapin, Capt. John L.

Charles II, King of Naples

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charybdis
, H.M.S.

Cherbourg

Chiang Kai-shek

China

Chiunzi Pass

Churchill, Clementine

Churchill, Randolph

Churchill, Sarah

Churchill, Winston S.

airpower and

Alexander and

Anzio and

AVALANCHE
and

background and personality of

Battle of Britain and

Cairo and Teheran conferences and