The Bloody White Baron (46 page)

28
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, p. 309.

29
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, p. 240.

30
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern,
p. 393.

31
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 48.

32
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia,
p. 3.

33
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 201.

34
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia
, p. 5.

35
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 49.

36
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, p. 240.

37
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia
, p. 4.

38
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern,
p. 183.

39
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia
, p. 4.

40
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia
, p. 3.

41
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, p. 247.

42
RGVA, p. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 125.

43
Letters Captured from Baron Ungern in Mongolia
, p. 4.

44
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, pp. 126, 393.

Eight - a HUNDRED AND THIRTY days

1
Uradyn Bulag,
Nationality and Hybridity in Mongolia
(Oxford, 1998), p. 82.

2
There is often some overlap between them and the wandering monks who service the spiritual needs of outlying herders, as evidenced by, for instance, a rare example of an excellent and dry Mongol joke, recorded among the Buriat. One monk was travelling deep in the steppe, and at twilight came across a solitary ger, with a young woman living there alone. When he asked to stay the night, she insisted that he perform one of three tasks: drink alcohol, sleep with her, or sacrifice a goat, the last an act done only by shamans. Since all of them were sins, he chose the least harmful, and drank the alcohol. While he was drunk he killed the goat, and when he woke up the next day he was on the couch with the woman. He thus learned that drinking alcohol is only a small sin, but it can easily make a man do wicked things.

3
RGVA, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 4.

4
RGVA, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 1.

5
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 208.

6
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, pp. 261, 263.

7
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, pp. 264 - 6.

8
The full text of Order No. 15 is in GARF, f. Varia, d. 392, pp. 1 - 6; also Kuzmin, pp. 169 - 73.

9
Commissar order, 6 June, 1941. Available at
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/commissar.html
, accessed 28 December, 2006.

10
Ribo, ‘The Story of Baron Ungern', p. 4.

11
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 55.

12
Alioshin,
Asian Odyssey
, p. 250.

13
Ewing,
Between the Hammer and the Anvil
, p. 255.

14
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 183.

15
GARF, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 4.

16
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 183.

17
GARF, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 8.

18
Ribo, ‘The Story of Baron Ungern', p. 12.

19
GARF, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, p. 8.

20
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 13; also
Sovetskaya Sibir
, no. 201 (561), 18 September, 1921, s. 3.

NINE - THE LAST ADVENTURER

1
Alioshin,
Asian Odyssey
, p. 270.

2
Ribo, ‘The Story of Baron Ungern', p. 39.

3
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 471.

4
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 474.

5
Ribo, ‘The Story of Baron Ungern', p. 41.

6
Ribo, ‘The Story of Baron Ungern', p. 41.

7
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 470.

8
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 208.

9
Alioshin,
Asian Odyssey,
p. 232.

10
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern,
p. 200.

11
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 201.

12
Military Writings of Leon Trotsky,
vol. IV (London, 1981), available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1921-mil/ch64.htm
.

13
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 205.

14
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 47.

15
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, pp. 557, 408.

16
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern
, p. 480.

17
GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, p. 36.

18
Kuzmin,
Baron Ungern,
p. 210.

19
The trial account, and all the following quotes, are in
Sovetskaya Sibir
, no. 200 (560), 17 September, 1921, s. 4, no. 201 (561), 18 September, 1921, s. 3, and no. 202 (562), 20 September, 1921, ss. 2 - 4.

20
Strasser,
The Mongolian Horde
, p. 106.

EPILOGUE

1
C. R. Bawden,
The Modern History of Mongolia
(London, 1968), p. 260.

2
This idealism did not entirely die out with the purges. There is a passage in Peter Fleming's travel memoir,
One's Company
, which is both hysterically funny and, in context, very sad. On a train through Russia, he meets a young intellectual from Baku, Assorgim, ‘extremely intelligent [with] an understanding of the theatre and a feeling for it', who, at twenty-two, has been sent by the Soviet regime to ‘found a National Theatre in Outer Mongolia', where he intends to put on the plays of Shakespeare to improve the Mongolians' cultural level.

3
Bawden,
Modern History of Mongolia
, pp. 262 - 3.

4
Baabar,
History of Mongolia
, p. 293.

5
Baabar,
History of Mongolia
, p. 363.

6
Alvin Coox,
Japan Against Russia
(Stanford, 1985), features various heartbreaking stories of these exiled Japanese soldiers, pp. 940 - 50.

7
Mongolia's importance could be exaggerated, as in one historian's claim: ‘If I say that Mongolia was as important as the United States [as an ally for the Soviet Union], there is no need to laugh or tease' (Baabar,
History of Mongolia
, p. 394, quoting Victor Suvorov,
The Last Republic,
Moscow, 1995), referring to its provision of sheepskin for the Red Army's winter clothes.

8
Bisher,
White Terror
, p. 366.

9
Berndt Krauthoff,
Ich befehle! Kampf und Tragödie des Barons Ungern-Sternberg
(Bremen, 1938).

10
Ossendowski,
Beasts, Men, and Gods
, p. 270.

11
Along with Nepal, which is even more optimistic.

12
For instance,
www.buryatmongol.com
and
www.doncroner.com/Mongolia/
, as of December 2006, were both firewalled. Several online library and academic publication services, such as
Questia.com
, are also forced to limit access of Chinese subscribers to books about Mongolia.

13
In Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, I saw an old robe-wearing herder come into a ‘Mr Lee's Taiwanese Noodles', full of noisy Chinese. He shuffled up to the counter and asked the price of a bowl of noodles. Shocked at what he heard, he stumbled out again, muttering under his breath, ‘Four yuan! Four yuan for a bowl of noodles!' Four yuan is around 24p or 50¢.

14
Humphrey, ‘Remembering an “Enemy”', p. 26.

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