The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (165 page)

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Authors: Steven Pinker

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241. Muslim armed conflicts: Nineteen out of 36 armed conflicts for 2008 in the PRIO database involved a Muslim country: Israel-Hamas, Iraq–Al-Mahdi, Philippines-MILF, Sudan-JEM, Pakistan-BLA, Afghanistan-Taliban, Somalia–Al-Shabaab, Iran-Jandulla, Turkey-PKK, India–Kashmir Insurgents, Mali-ATNMC, Algeria-AQIM, Pakistan-TTP, United States–Al Qaeda, Thailand–Pattani insurgents, Niger-MNJ,Russia–CaucasusEmirate,India-PULF, Djibouti-Eritrea. Thirty of 44 foreign terrorist organizations in the U.S. State Department’s Country Reports on Terrorism 2008:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2008/122449.htm
, accessed Apr. 21, 2010.

242. Larger Muslim armies: Payne, 1989.

243. Muslim terrorist organizations: Thirty of 44 foreign terrorist organizations in the U.S. State Department’s Country Reports on Terrorism 2008,
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2008/122449.htm
, accessed Apr. 21, 2010.

244. Rarity of Muslim democracies: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 30.

245. Dubious democracies: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 30.

246. Fewer rights in Muslim countries: Pryor, 2007, pp. 155–56.

247. Cruel punishments: Payne, 2004, p. 156.

248. Oppression of women: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 117.

249. Slavery in the Muslim world: Payne, 2004, p. 156.

250. Witchcraft prosecution: A. Sandels, “Saudi Arabia: Kingdom steps up hunt for ‘witches’ and ‘black magicians,’ ”
Los Angeles Times,
Nov. 26, 2009.

251. Exaggerated culture of honor: Fattah & Fierke, 2009; Ginges & Atran, 2008.

252. Genocidal quotes: see Goldhagen, 2009, pp. 494–504; Mueller, 1989, pp. 255–56.

253.
Arab Human Development Report:
United Nations Development Programme, 2003; see also R. Fisk, “UN highlights uncomfortable truths for Arab world,”
Independent
, Jul. 3, 2002.

254. Insularity: “A special report on the Arab world,”
Economist,
Jul. 23, 2009.

255. Muslim tolerance: Lewis, 2002, p. 114.

256. Printing as desecration: Lewis, 2002, p. 142.

257. Subversive humanities: “Iran launches new crackdown on universities,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
, August 26, 2010;
http://www.rferl.org/content/Iran_Launches_New_Crackdown_On_Universities/2138387.html
.

258. Clash of civilizations: Huntington, 1993.

259. What a billion Muslims really think: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007.

260. Muslim political organizations that endorse violence: Asal, Johnson, & Wilkenfeld, 2008.

261. Power law for terrorist attacks: Clauset & Young, 2005; Clauset et al., 2007.

262. Time to plan terrorist attacks: Mueller, 2006, p. 179.

263. Conjunction fallacy: Tversky & Kahneman, 1983.

264. Counting scenarios versus summing probabilities: Slovic et al., 1982.

265. Pay more for terrorism insurance: Johnson et al., 1993.

266. Taylor prediction: Mueller, 2010a, p. 162.

267. Allison prediction: Mueller, 2010a, p. 181.

268. Falkenrath prediction: Quoted in Parachini, 2003.

269. Negroponte and Garwin predictions: Mueller, 2010a, p. 181.

270. Expert reputations immune to falsified predictions: Gardner, 2010.

271. Assessing the risks of nuclear terrorism: Levi, 2007; Mueller, 2010a; Parachini, 2003; Schelling, 2005.

272. Not so mass destruction: Mueller, 2006; Mueller, 2010a.

273. Only three nonconventional terrorist attacks: Parachini, 2003.

274. Nations take their nukes seriously: Quoted in Mueller, 2010a, p. 166.

275. Pakistan won’t fall to extremists: Human Security Report Project, 2007, p. 19.

276. Radioactive scrap metal: Mueller, 2010a, p. 166.

277. Herculean challenges to nuclear terrorism: Quoted in Mueller, 2010a, p. 185.

278. Murphy’s Law of Nuclear Terrorism: Levi, 2007, p. 8.

279. Inevitable war with Iran: J. T. Kuhner, “The coming war with Iran: Real question is not if, but when,”
Washington Times
, Oct. 4, 2009.

280. Not the end of the world: Mueller, 2010a, pp. 153–55; Lindsay & Takeyh, 2010; Procida, 2009; Riedel, 2010; P. Scoblic, “What are nukes good for?”
New Republic
, Apr. 7, 2010.

281. Fatwa against Islamic bomb: “Iran breaks seals at nuclear plant,” CNN, Aug. 10, 2005,
http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/08/10/iran.iaea.1350/index.html
.

282. Deadlines have passed: C. Krauthammer, “In Iran, arming for Armageddon,”
Washington Post,
Dec. 16, 2005. By 2009: Y. K. Halevi & M. Oren, “Contra Iran,”
New Republic
, Feb. 5, 2007.

283. Ahmadinejad interview: M. Ahmadinejad, interview by A. Curry, NBC News, Sept. 18, 2009,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32913296/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/print/1/displaymode/1098/
.

284. “Wiping Israel off the map”: E. Bronner, “Just how far did they go, those words against Israel?”
New York Times
, Jun. 11, 2006.

285. Predictions of consequences of North Korean nukes: Mueller, 2010a, p. 150.

286. Unlikelihood of nuclear proxies: Mueller, 2010a; Procida, 2009.

287. “Too precious to waste killing people”: Schelling, 2005.

288. Climate stress as bad as nukes: T. F. Homer-Dixon, “Terror in the weather forecast,”
New York Times,
Apr. 24, 2007.

289. Climate change justifies war on terror: Quoted in S. Giry, “Climate conflicts,”
New York Times,
Apr. 9, 2007; see also Salehyan, 2008.

290. Climate change may not lead to war: Buhaug, 2010; Gleditsch, 1998; Salehyan, 2008; Theisen, 2008.

291. Terrorists are not subsistence farmers: Atran, 2003.

Chapter 7: The Rights Revolutions

1. Rough-and-tumble play: Boulton & Smith, 1992; Geary, 2010; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1987.

2. Recreational fighting: Geary, 2010; Ingle, 2004; Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.

3. Deadly ethnic riots: Horowitz, 2001.

4. Anatomy of a pogrom: Horowitz, 2001, chap. 1.

5. Reading the Riot Act: Payne, 2004, pp. 173–75.

6. American pogroms: Payne, 2004, pp. 180–81.

7. History of American lynching: Waldrep, 2002.

8. Antiblack communal violence: Payne, 2004, p. 180.

9. Decline of rioting: Payne, 2004, pp. 174, 180–82; Horowitz, 2001, p. 300.

10. Strange Fruit: “The best of the century,”
Time
, Dec. 31, 1999.

11. FBI hate crime statistics:
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm
.

12. No more deadly ethnic riots in the West: Horowitz, 2001, p. 561.

13. 1960s riots weren’t race riots: Horowitz, 2001, pp. 300–301.

14. End of deadly ethnic riots in the West: Horowitz, 2001, p. 561.

15. Ruby Nell Bridges: Steinbeck, 1962/1997, p. 194.

16. No epidemic of hate crimes or church burnings: La Griffe du Lion, 2000; M. Fumento, “A church arson epidemic? It’s smoke and mirrors,”
Wall Street Journal
, Jul. 8, 1996.

17. No fatal violence against Muslims: Human Rights First, 2008. The closest examples were (1) the fatal assault of a Danish teenager of Turkish descent, but the police ruled out racism as a motive, and (2) video footage of the execution-style slayings of two men, possibly Dagestani and Tajik, by a Russian neo-Nazi group.

18. Policing riots: Horowitz, 2001, pp. 518–21.

19. Discriminatory policies predict ethnic violence: Gurr & Monty, 2000; Asal & Pate, 2005, pp. 32–33.

20. Decline of ethnic discrimination: Asal & Pate, 2005.

21. Discrimination around the world: Asal & Pate, 2005, pp. 35–36.

22. Discrimination in decline: Asal & Pate, 2005, p. 38.

23. Prediction of African American rampages: A. Hacker,
The end of the American era
, quoted in Gardner, 2010, p. 96.

24. “huge racial chasm”: Quote from p. 219.

25. Bell on racism: Quoted in Bobo, 2001.

26. Attitudes of whites toward blacks: Bobo, 2001; see also Patterson, 1997.

27. Dropped from questionnaires: Bobo, 2001.

28. Religious tolerance: Caplow, Hicks, & Wattenberg, 2001, p. 116.

29. Racist Bugs Bunny: Search for “racist Bugs Bunny” on
Youtube.com
.

30. Funny Face:
http://theimaginaryworld.com/ffpac.html
.

31. Speech codes on campus: Kors & Silverglate, 1998. See also Foundation for Individual Rights in Education,
www.thefire.org
.

32. Self-parody: “Political correctness versus freedom of thought—The Keith John Sampson story,”
http://www.thefire.org/article/10067.html
; “Brandeis University: Professor found guilty of harassment for protected speech,”
http://www.thefire.org/case/755.html
.

33. Racial “insensitivity”: Kors & Silverglate, 1998.

34. Rape in riots and genocides: Goldhagen, 2009; Horowitz, 2001; Rummel, 1994. Rape in war: Brownmiller, 1975; Rummel, 1994.

35. Traditional conceptions of rape: Brownmiller, 1975; Wilson & Daly, 1992.

36. Rape wisecrack by legal scholars: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 312.

37. Rape wisecracks by the police: Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 364–66.

38. Women barred from juries: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 296.

39. Interested parties: Thornhill & Palmer, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1992; Jones, 1999.

40. Sexual economics: A. Dworkin, 1993, p. 119.

41. Sexual selection: Archer, 2009; Clutton-Brock, 2007; Symons, 1979; Trivers, 1972.

42. Harassment and rape in other species: Jones, 1999.

43. Risk factors for rape: Jones, 1999, 2000; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.

44. Pregnancies from rape: Gottschall & Gottschall, 2003; Jones, 1999.

45. Sexual jealousy: Buss, 2000; Symons, 1979; Wilson & Daly, 1992.

46. Sex differences in jealousy: Buss, 2000.

47. Women as the property of men: Brownmiller, 1975; Wilson & Daly, 1992.

48. Changes in rape laws in the Middle Ages: Brownmiller, 1975. Current vestiges: Wilson & Daly, 1992.

49. Illicit jury deliberation: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 374.

50. Husband of rape victim: quote from Wilson & Daly, 1992. Divorce not uncommon: Brownmiller, 1975.

51. Evolution of abhorrence to rape: Symons, 1979; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.

52. Agony of violation: Buss, 1989; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.

53. Principle of autonomy: Hunt, 2007; Macklin, 2003.

54. Changes in rape law: Brownmiller, 1975.

55. Mary Astell: Quoted in Jaggar, 1983, p. 27.

56.
Newsweek
review of
A clockwork orange:
Quoted in Brownmiller, 1975, p. 302.

57. Kubrick: Quoted in Brownmiller, 1975, p. 302.

58. Marital rape: United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2003.

59. Rape taboo in video games: Personal communication from F. X. Shen, Jan. 13, 2007. Outrage at violations:
http://www.gamegrene.com/node/447
;
http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/30/japan.video.game.rape/index.html
.

60. Rape may be overreported: Taylor & Johnson, 2008.

61. Junk rape statistics: Sommers, 1994, chap. 10; MacDonald, 2008.

62. Victimization survey: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Maston, 2010.

63. Changes in attitudes toward women: Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973; Twenge, 1997.

64. Abyss between the sexes: Salmon & Symons, 2001, p. 4.

65. Men underestimate, women overestimate: Buss, 1989.

66. Function of rape: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 15.

67. Myrmidons: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 209.

68. Problems with myrmidon theory: Check & Malamuth, 1985; Gottschall & Gottschall, 2001; Jones, 1999, 2000; MacDonald, 2008; Sommers, 1994; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000; Pinker, 2002, chap. 18.

69. Marxist inspiration for myrmidon theory: Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 210–11.

70. What guys want: MacDonald, 2008.

71. Motives for spousal abuse: Kimmel, 2002; Wilson & Daly, 1992.

72. Mate-guarding and domestic violence: Buss, 2000; Symons, 1979; Wilson & Daly, 1992.

73. Women as property across the world: Wilson & Daly, 1992.

74. Laws allowing husbands to chastise wives: Suk, 2009, p. 13.