The Best Australian Science Writing 2012 (4 page)

Finally we come to my ‘idiosyncratic' collection. After 15 years of carefully filing away letters from fringe physicists, Margaret Wertheim – a writer on the history and philosophy of physics – could stand it no longer. Surrendering to curiosity, she set off to explore the ideas of one Jim Carter, a man with no formal training who had conceived an alternative theory of the universe. ‘Physics on the fringe' is an excerpt from the book born of that journey. True, Carter's theories are wacky, but so is some mainstream physics. Think of ‘string theory', which explains the universe by invoking 11 dimensions. As Wertheim muses on Carter through her ‘history of science' prism, we not only learn something about the evolution of ideas, but here, stripped of all its academic robes and unaided by fancy machines, we get close up and personal with the raw scientific impulse.

I can well understand Wertheim's compulsion to explore the fringe. Though Carter is a stand-out ‘fringe' physicist, it is not always so clear-cut. Over and over again in stories I cover, I meet scientists who proudly declare their ‘outsider' position. Are they the next Barry Marshall, seeing what others have failed to see and on their way to a Nobel Prize? Or are they quirky misfits with a wire loose somewhere? The line between ‘cutting edge' and ‘fringe' can be hard to discern. And who am I to judge?

Two more little odd bods and we're done. One is from Lachlan Bolt, who was just 12 years old when he penned his ‘wee story', an entry into a
Double Helix
magazine science writing competition. What a command of writing and what a good mind!

And finally to the sublime. As Darwin showed us, science
writing can be beautiful. When you come to the end of the anthology, still your mind for a moment with the beauty of Vanessa Mickan's ‘Dream of goldfinches'.

Storytelling

Scientists with a cause

Muscular writing

Gateway to heaven

Wilson da Silva

If humanity has a beachhead to the stars, this is it: Cape Canaveral. This sandy promontory, jutting out into the Atlantic from a barrier island on the midway point of Florida's eastern coast, is the site of most of the manned space launches in human history.

Inhabited for more than 12,000 years, and the scene of some of the first encounters between Europeans and Native Americans, it's often hot and humid, a lowland speckled with marshy lagoons in every direction. Often sunny year-round, it's also prone to sudden thunderstorms and lightning.

To the north is the Canaveral National Seashore, a national park of pristine beaches and sand dunes that are sanctuary to an abundance of wildlife, from dolphins and manatees to giant sea turtles. It's a spawning ground for saltwater fish, and alligators swim the rivers and lagoons. It is from this subtropical setting that more than 880 passengers have been lofted into the cold of space.

As long as I can remember, I've wanted to come here to see a manned launch. And ever since staying up as a child to watch live pictures on TV of the first space shuttle heaving into the sky in April 1981, I've wanted – most of all – to see a shuttle launch.

So here I was, 30 years later, as the bold – and at times tragic – era of the shuttle draws to a close, and with the last three remaining orbiters facing retirement, finally ready to see my first manned launch, and my first shuttle takeoff. I'd come to see the farewell flight of
Discovery
, the most travelled and successful of them all.

Discovery
was the third shuttle to join the fleet, and made her maiden voyage in August 1984 – when Ronald Reagan was in the White House, Bob Hawke was in his first term as prime minister, sprinter Carl Lewis had just won four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics, apartheid reigned in South Africa and Prince's
Purple Rain
was top of the charts.

The actual spacecraft is even older: construction began in August 1979, based on designs proposed a decade earlier. In fact, the whole fleet's tailor-made onboard avionics computer had 424 kilobytes of magnetic core memory, could process 400,000 instructions per second, had no hard drive, and loaded software from magnetic tape. Upgrades in 1990 boosted memory capacity to about 1 megabyte and processor speed to 1.2 million instructions per second.

Considering how often the space shuttle is billed as the most complex vehicle ever built, and its decades-long poster child status for everything futuristic, it's amazing just how much of a technological relic it is. My iPhone has more memory than the avionics!

But it was the first civilian craft to use a computerised fly-bywire digital flight control system, with no mechanical or hydraulic links between the pilot's joystick and the control surfaces or thrusters – the kind we take for granted on modern aeroplanes. It did not burn out its heat shield on re-entry, and it was the first reusable spacecraft.

Since its maiden flight,
Discovery
has completed 39 missions, making it the most successful in NASA's fleet. It benefited from
lessons learned in the construction and testing of its sister craft, which is why it weighs some 3000kg less than the first shuttle,
Columbia
.

Unofficially, it's considered ‘the lucky shuttle': after the disasters that destroyed
Challenger
at takeoff in 1986 and
Columbia
on re-entry in 2003 (its two sisters from the original fleet of three),
Discovery
was twice chosen to restart the shuttle program.

And she has indeed had a colourful run: launching the Hubble Space Telescope, flying the first female shuttle pilot, Eileen Collins (who also became the first female shuttle commander, also aboard
Discovery
). It was the first – and the last – shuttle to dock with
Mir
, Russia's space station, put Australia's first communications satellite, Aussat 1, into orbit, twice repaired Hubble, and was the first shuttle to dock with the International Space Station. It flew the highest altitude, and carried the oldest human into space: John Glenn, who was 77 and a US Senator at the time, and who had made his name as the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962.

‘It's just amazing what this vehicle can do,' astronaut Eric Boe, the pilot for
Discovery
's final flight, told a news conference. ‘It can launch like a rocket, go into orbit, change into a spacecraft and then land as a hypersonic airplane. What's amazing is just how well she sails. It's an honour and privilege for all of us to get the chance to fly on her final voyage.'

* * * * *

The drive to the launch site is a collage of multi-lane highways and abundant elephant grass interspersed with rivers and lagoons and, of course, bridges and causeways. It's not hard to believe that there are almost 7800 lakes and 19,000km of waterways in Florida.

More surprising is the unending banality of crass Americana:
multi-coloured signs atop tall towers are everywhere, advertising Dennys, Jack in the Box, Burger King, TGI Fridays, U-Haul – along with a plethora of makeshift signs hollering daily specials in large magnetic letters.

I'd arrived the night before in Orlando, the nearest international airport, and driven to my motel in Titusville, a sizeable town just across the Indian River from the Kennedy Space Center. Having breakfast at a diner that morning, I watched the morning news shows excitedly discussing the last flight of
Discovery
, with a live cross to reporters at Cape Canaveral, in between weather forecasts and live traffic updates.

Although only a short drive away, I hadn't factored in that 40,000 people had descended on the region – known as the Space Coast – to see this historic last hurrah. Despite giving myself what seemed plenty of time, I was immediately caught in a massive traffic jam that stretched across the causeway and into the outskirts of Titusville. And this was almost seven hours before the scheduled launch. On the radio, I heard that at 10.30am the last parking spots in the premier viewing areas around the cape had already been snapped up.

More than six weeks earlier, I'd applied for a press pass to see the takeoff from the Launch Complex 39 Press Site, where journalists and camera crews have been covering manned flights since Apollo 8 in 1968. But getting there required peeling back four layers of security, and validating my documentation at various buildings before I could pick up my site access and press passes. With all three approaches across the river clogged with slow-moving cars, it took some time – and patience.

With my passes in hand, I barrelled down the road towards the Vehicle Assembly Building, reputedly the fourth-largest building in the world by volume: 160m high and enclosing 3.7 million cubic metres. Originally built to allow the vertical assembly of the Saturn V rocket that took men to the Moon, it's
now where the shuttle orbiter – the ‘spaceplane' component – is mated with the massive orange-coloured external fuel tank and the two solid rocket boosters.

The whole assembly sits atop a mobile launch platform that is moved slowly to the launch pad – 5.6km away – on a Crawler-Transporter, a gigantic self-powered land vehicle that can move 7900 tonnes at a top speed of 1.6km/h. Two of these were built, for US$14 million each, in the 1960s. Each has two control cabins at both ends and requires a team of nearly 30 engineers, technicians and drivers to operate the vehicle on its six-hour journey.

* * * * *

Launch Pad 39A is where shuttles fly from, part of a launch complex built for the Apollo program. Its sister, 39B, was deactivated in 2007, and
Discovery
was the last to use it; NASA is now offering the pad and facilities to private companies for the commercial space market.

By the time I reached the press site, engineers had begun loading the shuttle's external tank with about two million litres of cryogenic propellants. The orbiter's onboard fuel cells, inertial instruments and communications had been activated. Almost 4.8km to the northeast, I could see the orange external tank and just make out the white livery of
Discovery
. The beast was awakening.

Soon the six astronauts would begin making their way to the pad. I took a vantage point near the iconic digital countdown clock, which is not just big – it's mammoth. A little the worse for wear, it uses large, old-school incandescent light bulbs to shape its numbers. Behind it, there's a long series of lakes, coves and creeks between the elevated mound where media facilities are located, and the launch pad. More than 200 people were already on the site, and the foreshore was festooned with camera tripods.

The News Centre, as the area is known, has several buildings: a 100-seat auditorium for press conferences, 15 site support offices, common workspace for journalists, and two libraries. Major outlets such as CBS, NBC, CNN and Reuters have their own prefab shacks. The main press room has six large LCD screens with direct feeds from various sites: the gantry leading into the orbiter, weather and radar maps, and multiple angles of the launch pad.

In the hours that followed, the astronauts entered the orbiter in their bright orange spacesuits and strapped in, their helmets by their sides, and began a long list of verbal checks with Launch Control at the Kennedy Space Center and Mission Control at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Technicians in white overalls, baseball caps and head-mounted radios closed the hatch, checked seals for leaks and went through seemingly hundreds of detailed crosschecks.

* * * * *

Discovery
was named after two historic vessels of the past: one used by 17th century English navigator Henry Hudson to explore Canada's Hudson Bay and search for a northwest passage from the Atlantic to India; and one by British explorer James Cook in the 1770s in voyages in the South Pacific, leading to the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands.

‘We're wrapping up the space shuttle program,' astronaut Steve Lindsey, commander of
Discovery
's last mission – known as STS-133 – told reporters before takeoff. ‘Besides the excitement of completing the International Space Station and all the things we do, I hope people get a sense of the history of what the shuttle is and what we've done and what's ending. Because they'll probably never see anything like it flying again.'

And Cape Canaveral has been where all the journeys began.
Since 1961 there have been 165 manned launches here – from the nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station where the pioneering Mercury and Gemini capsules were launched, to the Kennedy Space Center, built for the Apollo missions.

Since they first lit up the skies in 1981, space shuttles have been the workhorses of human spaceflight, taking more than 800 passengers into space. The most diligent of them has been
Discovery
, which in 39 missions has spent a total of 365 days in space and travelled more than 238 million kilometres orbiting the planet.

Takeoff was scheduled for 4.50pm, but with nine minutes to launch, the clock suddenly froze. The Air Force's range safety computer – which monitors data from sensors dotted along the coastline – indicated a problem, and put the launch in doubt.
Discovery
had a razor-thin three minute launch window before the attempt had to be postponed till the following day, and tension mounted as NASA engineers scrambled to determine the cause. Taking a gamble, they restarted the clock in the hope that the Air Force would uncover a false alarm and the launch could proceed.