The Battle of the St. Lawrence (44 page)

Defence of Shipping—Gulf of St. Lawrence
(memorandum), 34, 52–53

defence spending, 7–9, 11-12,
116,
197–198

Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships (DEMS), 146–147

degaussing, 100, 270n.9

depth charges

defensive measure, 214

hedgehog pistols, 125,
181
loading procedures, 125

power, 60, 200

release problems, 98

triggered by ship sinking, 132, 272n.7

usage and effects, 73, 105–106, 125–126, 127

der Tag,
43–44

diffused lighting, 209–210.
See also
blackouts

dim-outs.
See
blackouts

Dinaric,
SS, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59

dive procedures.
See
U-boats

Donald Stewart,
SS, 76, 97–98

Dönitz, Karl
(Führer der Uboote)

appointment, 12

background, 164

on Canadian air power,
181
defeat, 240

loss of the Battle of the Atlantic, 217

objectives, 45

Sailing Orders, 96, 221

U-bootwaffe
morale, 219

Drummondville,
HMCS (Fraser), 53–54, 58–60, 60–61

Eastern Air Command (EAC).
See also
Aircraft Detection Corps; Mont Joli

against U-132, 62–64

against U-517, 76–77, 100–101, 154–158

against U-553, 34, 41

against U-1223, 227–228

air cover capability, 20, 51, 179, 204, 238

communications procedures, 51,
61–62,
201

coordination with Royal Canadian Navy,
181,
201, 202–203

coordination with US Air Force, 51

deployment, 100, 177, 201

effectiveness, 51–52, 70, 174, 177,
179–181, 221
expansion, 155, 200

intelligence failures, 52, 149–151,
161

search patterns, 227

training, 20, 63, 76, 100–101, 194, 196, 200

economic aid to UK, 46

Elektro-boat, 219

encryption.
See
code systems; Enigma cipher system

Enigma cipher system, 168, 207, 209, 217

espionage

coastal surveys, 93

Janowski, 248, 250–252

“Langbein”, 248–249, 269n.9

spy landings, 69, 248

weather station, 248, 252–253

Esquimalt,
HMCS (Macmillan), 238–239

Essex Lance,
SS, 152–153

exposure, 28, 33, 189–190, 238–240, 268n.7.
See also
lifeboats

Fairmile Q-074.
See
Q-074

Federal Government.
See also
Canada

budget debate, 197–198

censorship policy, 2–3, 38–39, 66–67, 200, 202

legislation against foreign deserters, 46–47

parliamentary secret sessions, 66, 69–70

and Quebec politics, 141, 198–199

release of information, 178–179, 198, 202, 204

role in defence, 199

War Cabinet, 112

Fort Ramsay
Navy/Air Force Operations Centre

communications procedures, 61

operations, 29–30, 34, 61, 77

readiness, 29–30, 34

resources, 20, 61

France (Vichy regime), 179, 194–195

Fraser, Lt. J. P.
See Drummondville,
HMCS

Frederika Lensen,
SS, 72–74

Fullerton, Ruth,
182–183

funerals

Donald Bowser, 136–138

Wilhelm Koning, 40–41

Gagnon, Onésime (MLA)

on naval command structure, 3

on St. Lawrence closure, 141

on St. Lawrence defence, 198–200

Gagnon, Onésime (Quebec MLA), on

Caribou
intelligence,
181–182

Gaspé.
See also Fort Ramsay

army forts, 20, 193

defences, 20, 64, 70, 193–194, 196 -197

morale, 68–69, 177–178

German POW escape, 204, 206–208, 211–212, 215

Germany.
See also
espionage

League of Nations withdrawal, 8

media coverage, 37–38, 109, 179

Nazi culture,
164–166,
268n.5

submarine program, 11

Treaty of Versailles
restrictions, 11-12, 45, 92, 165

Godbout, Adélard (Quebec Premier), 141

public opinion concerns, 69–70

on St. Lawrence defences, 177–179, 198

Gräf,
Kptlt
Ulrich.
See
U-69

Graham, George (Defence Minister), 7–8

Grandmère
, HMCS, 183–184,
188–190,
192

Great Yacht Plot, 270n.7

gue, 53, 237

guerre de course,
12, 26–27, 44, 45

Guilbault, Lorraine, 50

Gullage, Capt. John L.
(Burgeo),
231, 232–233

H/F D/F (High Frequency Directional Finding), 39, 88, 100, 143, 154, 204

operations, 168–169

Hainaut,
SS, 54, 56–57

Halifax, Port of, 14, 17, 53, 112, 139–141, 199, 237

Hanson, Richard (MP), 66

Hartwig,
KrvKpt
Paul (U-517).
See also
U-517

background, 13, 92–94, 165, 270n.8, 274n.7

style, 95, 96, 133

Heagy, Allan
(Charlottetown),
110, 129, 131, 133

hedgehog pistols, 125, 181

Heyda,
Kptlt
Wolfgang (U-434), 206, 211–213

Hirschmann, Werner (U-190, U-612), 13–14, 106, 218

Hitler, Adolf (German Chancellor), 12, 121

Hoffman,
Korventtenkapitan
Eberhard (U-165), 79.
See also
U-165

Huff Duff.
See
H/F D/F

hydrophones, 231

hypothermia, 28, 33, 189–190, 238–240, 268n.8

industrial capability, 45–46, 116–118, 139–142

Inger Elizabeth,
SS, 145–146

intelligence.
See
Aircraft Detection Corps; Canadian Naval Intelligence; Enigma cipher system; H/F D/F

International Control Commission, 12

Ireland Code, 207, 274n.8

Janowski, Werner Alfred Waldemar von (spy), 248, 250–252

Jean Brillant,
200–201, 202

Joannis,
SS, 153–154

jolly boats.
See
lifeboats

Jones, Lt. William J.
See Shawinigan,
HMCS

Jones, Rear Adm. G. C. (Vice Chief of Naval Staff)

Charlottetown
inquiry, 127

manning policy, 158–160

U-boat warnings, 19, 195

King, Adm. Edward (U.S. Navy), 53

King, William Lyon Mackenzie (Prime Minister)

on blackouts, 49

on censorship, 63

on industry, 8

on military preparation, 19, 36–37

Operation Torch,
143

parliamentary secret session, 70

visiting troops in England, 167

War Cabinet meeting, 112–113

Kingston Shipyard, 113–114, 117–118, 118 -119

Koning, Wilhelm
(Leto),
33, 40–41

Korkum, Max
(Sackville),
114–115

Kretschmer,
KrvKpt
Otto (U-99), 206, 211

Kriegsmarine,
43–44

anti-semitism, 254–255

comparison with Royal Canadian Navy, 162–164

importance of
U-bootwaffe,
12

“Kurt” (weather station), 248, 252–253

Lade, Lt. H. E.
See Clayoquot,
HMCS

“Langbein”,
Lt
M. A. (spy), 248–249, 269n.9

Laramie,
USS, 80–82

Lavoie, Gaétan, 33, 36

Leigh Light, 51, 180

Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent,
19–20, 50

enlistment, 196

opposed by the Church, 194

Leto,
SS

evacuation, 31–32

lack of radio messages, 32, 33

press reports, 31, 32–33, 36, 39

sinking by U-553, 29, 30, 30–32

survivors, 33

lifeboats.
See also
exposure

Carley floats, 27

Charlottetown,
131–132

deployment policy, 26

launch problems on
Caribou,
186–188

launching, 26, 31–32, 84, 104–105

lighthouse blackout procedures, 34

London Naval Treaty, 12, 267n.3

Lorient Espionage Unit, 206–208, 211

MacAuley, Ray
(Charlottetown),
121, 123–124, 128–129, 130, 131–133, 134–135

Macdonald, Angus (Naval Services Minister)

on
Caribou
sinking, 178, 192

on censorship and shipping protection, 66–68

on defence plans, 34, 49

on intelligence failures, 150–151

on QS-33 sinkings, 89–90

reassignment of Gulf Escort Force, 112

in secret session, 69–70

on shipping losses, 3–4, 36, 40–41, 198, 198–200, 202

MacLaughlin, Francis (Kingston Shipyard), H4-H5, 118–121, 228

Magog,
HMCS (Quick)

casualties, 223, 225, 226

escorting ONS-33, 223

salvage, 226–227, 228

torpedo damage by U-1223, 223–225

manning

policies, 10,
158–160, 218

pools, 19, 46

Marchand, Laurent
(Oakton),
90, 99, 102, 103, 104

Marienfeld,
Oblt
Friedrich-William (U-1228), 222, 229–230

McRae, Bill
(Nicoya),
in HX-126, 15–17

media coverage.
See
press coverage

merchant marine, 46–47, 98–99

Metox (radar detector),
169,
170

mines, 148

Mojave,
USCGC, 94–95

Mont Joli (air base), 20, 62–63, 70, 76, 100, 177, 194, 196, 200

Montgomery, SLt. Herb
(Magog),
223, 224–225, 226

Montreal, Port of, 112, 139–142, 177, 201, 237

Moors, Lt. George
(Charlottetown),
123, 132, 135–136

morale.
See also
censorship; press coverage

allied forces, 46–47

in Gaspé, 68–69, 177–178

merchant marines, 46–47, 98–99

national, 178–179

U-bootwaffe,
180, 219

Mount Pindus,
SS, 105, 108

Mount Taygetus,
SS, 103, 105, 108

Murphy, Donald
(Clayoquot),
98, 110, 135

Murray, Rear Adm. Leonard (COAC, CIC Canadian NW Atlantic), 8–9

on convoy routes, 142

escort force deployments, 143, 233

Great Yacht Plot, 270n.7

Operation Kiebitz,
208–209

training issues, 158–160

myths.
See
rumors

Naval Boarding Service (NBS), 47

naval estimates, 7–9, 11–12, 116, 197–198

Naval Service of Canada.
See also
Royal Canadian Navy

headquarters (Ottawa), 112

Naval Control of Shipping (NCS), 140, 142

navigational lights, 21, 49, 69

Nebelbold,
189

Nelles, Vice Adm. Percy (Chief of Naval Staff), 19, 45, 112, 195

Newfoundland Ferry and Railway Company, 231–232

Nicholson, Lt. W. E.
(Vison),
174

Nicoya,
SS (Brice)

attack by U-556, 15–17

evacuation, 24–26, 27–28

sinking by U-553, 23–24, 25–27, 27

survivors, 34

NL-9, convoy, 168, 169–170, 170–173, 229

Oakton,
SS (Brown), 90–91, 91, 100, 103–105, 108

oil supply convoys, 53, 68, 69–70, 269n.4

ON-84, convoy.
See Charlottetown,
HMCS

ONS-33, convoy, 223, 226.
See also
Magog,
HMCS

Operation Kiebitz,
206–208, 211–212, 215

Operation Paukenschlag, 53, 237

Operation Torch,
112, 142, 143, 173

Pearl Harbor, 11, 158

Pepper, Leilo, 192

Perkin, Signalman Cyril, 142–143, 145, 149

Pickford, Lt. R. John
(Rimouski),
160, 210, 214

Piers, Lt. Cmdr. Desmund
(Restigouche),
160, 163, 206, 208–209, 210, 212–213

Pike, Robert
(Waterton),
99

Pillenwerfer,
107, 148

POW camps

Camp 70, 204

Camp 30 (Bowmanville), 206–208, 274n.7

escapes, 204, 206–208, 211–212

Powell, Richard
(Laramie),
80

Power, Charles G. (Federal Air Minister)

addressing anti-EAC rumors, 62

intelligence on
Caribou
attack, 181–182

release of classified information, 179

press coverage

air war, 3

censorship of news, 38, 66–67

defence strategy, 203

dim-out regulations, 51

German media, 39, 109, 179

Mont Joli air base, 194

Quebec opinion, 196–197

shipping losses, 2–3, 177–179

sinkings, 2–3, 32–33, 36–37, 38, 65, 73, 89–90, 109, 178

Vichy France, 194–195

propaganda broadcasts

Lord Haw Haw, 75, 183

morale effect, 46

Radio Vichy, 196

public opinion, 67–68, 177–178, 194–195

Q-063, Fairmile launch, 151–152

Q-074, Fairmile launch, 71–72, 73–74

Q-082, Fairmile launch, 151–152

QS-15, convoy, 54–57, 58

QS-19, convoy, 71–74

QS-33, convoy.
See also Raccoon,
HMCS

attack by U-165, 76–77, 78, 82–84

attacks by U-517, 88, 97–98, 101–105, 144–145

press reports, 109

reforming, 100

survivors, 107–109

Quebec.
See also
Gagnon; Godbout; Roy

attitudes to Jews, 195, 274n.3

conscription issues, 67, 195, 269n.8, 274n.5

debates in Legislative Assembly, 199

economic issues, 201

federal politics, 141, 199

military enlistment, 196

public opinion, 67–68, 177–178, 194–195

support of Vichy France, 179, 194 -196

Quebec City, 140–142

Quebec press.
See
press coverage

Quick, Lt. Cmdr. Louis T.
See Magog,
HMCS

Raccoon,
HMCS (Smith).
See also
QS-33

history, 270n.7

press reports, 89–90