The Anatomy of Violence (77 page)

  72.
Shami Chakrabarti was previously a barrister working for the Home Office, and later the director of Liberty, a civil-liberties pressure group in England. She is currently the chancellor of Oxford Brookes University in England. She is widely recognized as one of the most influential and effective public-affairs lobbyists in the U.K.

  73.
The “If” Debate: A Newsnight Special
(2004). BBC2. December 22. Prog ID 50/and/PS34L/77.

  74.
In considering whether to kill Adolph Hitler you could also consider Mao, Stalin, Pol Pot, or a host of other leaders who have been responsible for enormous loss of life in many countries throughout the world. Pol Pot is thought to have killed about 20 percent of the Cambodian population in the later 1970s. Stalin executed nearly a million Russians just before World War II.

  75.
Baynes, N. H. (1942).
The Speeches of Adolf Hitler
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  76.
Almost weekly vitriolic columns were written by Piet Grijs against Buikhuisen’s biological perspective in the influential and highly valued
Vrij Nederland
, a socialist critical weekly magazine.

  77.
Raine, A., Brennan, P. & Mednick, S. A. (1994). Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years.
Archives of General Psychiatry
51, 984–88.

  78.
Mann, C. (1994). War of words continues in violence research.
Science
263, 1375.

  79.
Ibid.

  80.
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1981). Classical conditioning and socialization—a biosocial interaction.
Personality & Individual Differences
2, 273–83.

  81.
The reconciliation of both the public and officials in the Netherlands with Wouter Buikhuisen is striking. In recognition of the earlier unfair ostracization of Buikhuisen for his biological perspective, a symposium was held to “rehabilitate” him on April 16, 2010, organized by criminology students with the support of the dean of the law school of Leiden University. On April 17, 2009, he gave a lecture on the amygdala to a fully packed college hall at Leiden University, and in November 2009 Leiden University formally reconciled with him. Full details of what is known in the Netherlands as the “Buikhuisen Affair” may be found in Keijning, L. (2006).
Buikhuisen had wel wat uit te leggen. De affaire-Buikhuisen en de ontwikkeling van biosociaal onderzoek naar criminaliteit
(Buikhuisen did have something to explain. The Buikhuisen affair and the development of biosocial research of criminality). Master’s thesis for Science and Technology Studies, Amsterdam University, 2006.

  82.
Mann, War of words continues.

  83.
Quotation from Winston Churchill in Bottomly, P., et al. (2011). Outdated approach to votes for prisoners.
The Guardian.
Letters, January 11.

  84.
Pinker, S. (2011).
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
. New York: Viking.

  85.
Raine,
The Psychopathology of Crime
.

  86.
Gutmann, A. & Thompson, D. (2012).
The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

  87.
Carlyle, T. (1855).
Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches
, p. 448. New York: Harper.