The Addicted Brain (29 page)
ventral tegmental area
A brain structure that is part of the mesolimbic system and is associated with reward and reinforcement. It contains the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons whose axons project to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens.
vivarium
A contained area used for keeping laboratory animals.
vulnerability
The degree to which a person has a propensity to abuse drugs. There are both biological and environmental factors.
withdrawal
An unpleasant state that results from cessation of drug use. Depending on its severity and the drug involved, it can even be life threatening.
A
abused drugs.
See
drugs, of abuse
abusers, defined,
1
acetylcholine
breaking down,
46-47
dopamine and,
80-81
nicotine’s effect on,
104
,
141-142
ACTH hormone,
116
action potential,
39-40
addiction
drug addiction.
See
drug addiction
eating disorders,
130-132
as excuse,
133
gambling,
127-130
helpfulness in studying all addictions,
9
nonregular rewards and,
20-21
as scare tactic,
133
sexual addiction,
130
addictive properties of drugs, harmful effects versus,
137-138
addicts, defined,
2
adenosine,
152
Adler, Martin,
174
adolescents
drug addiction in,
164-166
vulnerability to drug use in,
107-109
adrenal glands,
116-117
age differences in drug addiction
adolescents,
164-166
elderly adults,
167
airline pilots, marijuana testing on,
154
Alavi, Abass,
95
alcohol
adolescent usage of,
164
benefits of,
140
elderly adult usage of,
167
gender differences in effects,
160
harmful effects of,
138-141
medications for treating addiction to,
180
public good and,
202
stress and,
120
withdrawal symptoms,
62
alert mechanisms, dopamine and,
81
Ali, Syed,
147
amphetamine
harmful effects of,
148
legitimate use of,
5
methamphetamine compared,
146
amygdala,
116
anabolic steroids, harmful effects versus addictive properties,
138
angel dust,
151-152
animals
advantages in research usage,
15-16
drug use in nature,
19-20
nonregular rewards and addiction,
20-21
self-administration of drugs,
16-19
CART peptide example,
22-24
in phases of drug use,
22
relapse and cravings,
25-26
self-stimulation of brain,
30-32
antibodies,
192-194
antigen,
192
assessment of treatment plans,
175
association cortex,
10
Ativan,
148
attitude toward drug abuse, changing,
200
autoradiography,
96
availability of drugs, vulnerability to drug use and,
107
aversive properties of drugs,
37
awareness in brain,
10
axon,
39-40
bases (in DNA),
11
Beck, Aaron,
178
Becker, Jill,
163
behavioral treatments,
177-179
benzodiazepines, harmful effects of,
148-149
binge eating
as addiction,
130-132
gene expression and,
76-77
blockers,
180
body, response to stress,
115-117
brain
chemical neurotransmission
cocaine’s effect on,
49-51
discovery of,
55
morphine’s effect on,
51-52
development in adolescents,
164-166
drug addiction’s effect on,
59-60
gene expression,
63-69
glucose utilization,
70-71
postmortem studies,
69-70
questions about,
12
sensitization and,
63
tolerance and,
62-63
withdrawal and,
60-62
future of research on,
191
imaging studies,
85-90
necessity of,
41
neurons, structure of,
39-41
neurotransmitters
binding to receptors,
43-45
dopamine research,
56-57
drugs of abuse compared,
48-49
removing receptors,
46-47
synthesis of,
41-42
variety of,
42-43
pleasure and reward system,
29
deep brain stimulation (DBS),
33-34
drug use and,
35-37
food and water deprivation,
34
self-stimulation,
30-33
returning to normal after drug addiction,
93-94
speed of entry of drugs,
52-54
structure of,
10-11
tools for studying,
11-12
vaccines and,
193-194
brainstem,
116
breaking down neurotransmitters,
46
Brownell, Gordon,
95
bulimia, dopamine and,
75
Bullitt-Jonas, Margaret,
130
Burham, Charles,
95
Cadet, Jean Lud,
147
caffeine
as drug class,
4
harmful effects of,
152-153
withdrawal symptoms,
62
“Call Off the Global Drug War” (Carter),
199
cannabidiol,
143
cannabis, harmful effects of,
143-144
carbohydrates, comparison with cocaine,
131
cardiovascular disease, drug addiction compared,
173-174
Carr, Ken,
77
Carroll, Ivy,
196
Carroll, Marilyn,
77
Carter, Jimmy,
199
cell membrane,
39
changes in environment, detecting,
53
Charles, Ray,
8
chemical neurotransmission.
See also
neurotransmitters
cocaine’s effect on,
49-51
defined,
40-41
discovery of,
55
gene expression changes,
65-66
morphine’s effect on,
51-52
childhood stress, drug use and,
119-121
Childress, Anna Rose,
79
club drugs
harmful effects of,
150-151
list of,
4
cocaine
alternate names for,
4
blocking of dopamine transporter,
154
,
201
comparison with carbohydrates,
131
dopamine, effect on,
49-51
environmental enrichment and,
125
gender differences in effects,
160-163
glutamate, effect on,
80
harmful effects of,
145-146
addictive properties versus,
138
legitimate use of,
5
long-lasting effects of,
88-90
,
94
lowering attractiveness of, CART peptide example,
22-24
RTI-336 medication,
195-196
social rank and,
121-123
stress and,
120-121
vaccines against usage of,
192-194
codons,
64
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,
178
colleges, treatment programs in,
179
contingency management,
178
cortisol,
116-117
cost
of drug abuse,
7-9
of treatment,
172
crank.
See
methamphetamine
cravings, animal research on,
25-26
CRH hormone,
117
cues, defined,
22
D2 dopamine receptors,
88-89
,
122
Darwin, Charles,
19-20
DAT (dopamine transporter),
57
DBS (deep brain stimulation),
33-34
decriminalization of drugs,
198-200
deep brain stimulation (DBS),
33-34
defeated individuals, drug use and,
124
degradation rates for protein,
91-92
delirium tremens (DTs),
140
delta Fos-B transcription factor,
65
delta-9-THC,
143
dendrites,
39-40
dependence.
See
drug addiction; drug dependence
detoxification,
176
Dewey, Bill,
63
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV TR)
,
2
,
13
,
130
diencephalic DA system,
75
dissociative drugs,
151
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
11
,
63-64
,
67-68
Dole, Vincent,
182
dopamine,
191
action of,
40
D2 dopamine receptors,
88-89
eating and,
74-77
estrogen and,
163
glutamate, acetylcholine and,
80-81
in neurotransmitter research,
56-57
in pleasure centers,
32
reasons for existence,
81
reuptake of,
47
sexual behavior and,
77-79
survival functions and,
79-80
synthesis of,
41
dopamine system
binge eating and,
131-132
drug addiction and,
155-156
gambling addiction and,
129
methamphetamine and,
148
social rank and,
121-123
dopamine transporter (DAT),
57
dopaminergic neurons,
49
dose-response studies,
37
“Double Helix” (Watson),
96
Downey, Robert Jr.,
8
drinking.
See
alcohol
Dronabinol,
143
drug abuse.
See also
drug addiction; drug use
brain and.
See
brain
changing attitude toward,
200
costs of,
7-9
defined,
2
impaired judgment from,
109
list of abused drugs,
4-5
prevention of,
183
drug addiction.
See also
drug abuse; drug use