The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time (44 page)

buckminsterfullerene (buckyballs),
326
,
327
,
328

Bugie, Elizabeth,
263

C

calculus,
12
,
88

Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob,
94

Cameron, Ewan,
270

Cancer and Vitamin C
,
270

Cannizzaro, Stanislao,
125
,
142

Canon of Medicine, The
,
10
,
36
,
37

Carson, Rachel,
295–297

Catalogus Plantarum Angliae
(“Catalog of English Plants”),
86

catalysis,
153

Cauchy, Augustin-Louis,
139

Cavendish, Henry,
97–101

Cavendish experiment,
98

Cavendish Laboratory,
101
,
237
,
239
,
241
,
288
,
312
,
313

Celera Genomics,
333
,
334
,
336

cell theory,
179
,
181

Cena de le Ceneri
(“The Ash Wednesday Supper”),
60

central limit theorem,
119

Cepheid variables,
235
,
236
,
266

CERN,
260

Chadwick, James,
234
,
241–242
,
259

Chain, Ernst Boris,
253
,
255–256

Character of Physical Light, The
,
318

Charcot, Jean-Martin,
215
,
216
,
217

Charles, J.A.C.,
142

“Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, The,”
306

chemical bonds,
267–268
,
269

chemical nomenclature,
116
,
151

chemical revolution,
98
,
104
,
112
,
116

chicken cholera,
12
,
188

chimpanzees, study of,
323
,
324

Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior, The
,
324

cholera,
211
,
214

Chomsky, Noam,
337

chromosomes, study of,
226–227
,
278
,
279
,
312
,
314
,
318

Church, Alonzo,
302–303

Church-Turing thesis,
303

circulation of blood,
74–77
,
78

Clifford, George,
94
,
95

code-breaking machines,
304

cognitive science,
302
,
305

Collins, Francis,
334
,
335–337

Coming of Age in Samoa
,
276

Commentariolus
(“Little Commentary”),
46
,
48
,
50

comparative anatomy, science of,
126–127

comparative climatology, science of,
132

complementarity principle,
257–258

computers, early digital,
304–305
,
306

conditioned reflex,
206–208

conservation of energy, law of,
144
,
223

conservation of mass,
113

conservation of nature,
283
,
284–285
,
299
,
324

Considérations sur la théorie mathématique de jeu
(“Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games”),
136

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
,
323

Consolations in Travel, or the Last Days of a Philosopher
,
149

continental drift hypothesis,
252–252

Continuities in Cultural Evolution
,
276

Contributions to the Natural History of the United States
,
166

Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection
,
191

Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics,
257
,
258

Copernicus, Nicolaus,
46–50
,
59
,
60
,
64
,
67
,
68
,
70
,
71
,
74

Corey, Robert,
269

Corpus Hippocraticum
,
19–20

“Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-over in Zea Mays, A,”
278

Correns, Carl Erich,
182
,
227

cosmogony,
110
,
111

cosmology, study of,
27
,
29–31
,
32

Coster, Dirk,
257

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de,
137
,
138

Cousteau, Jacques-Yves,
297–299

Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth
,
323

Creation of the Universe, The
,
287

Creighton, Harriet,
278

Crick, Francis Harry Compton,
269
,
311–313
,
314
,
319
,
336

Crosthwaite, Peter,
123

Culture and Commitment
,
278

Curie, ève,
233
,
234

Curie, Irène,
233
,
234

Curie, Marie,
14
,
228
,
230
,
231–235

Curie, Pierre,
14
,
228–231
,
232
,
233

Curie's Law,
230

Curl, Robert F., Jr.,
325
,
326
,
327–328

Cuvier, Georges,
126–129

cyclotron,
258

D

d'Alembert, Jean,
117
,
135

Dalton, John,
123–126

Daniell, John Frederic,
123

Darwin, Charles,
87
,
95
,
97
,
164
,
167–174
,
176
,
177
,
178
,
182
,
189
,
190–191
,
194
,
322
,
328
,
338

da Vinci, Leonardo,
10–11
,
40–46

Davy, Humphry,
144
,
145–149
,
157

De architectura (On Architecture)
,
42

Debierne, André-Louis,
233

De Fundamentis Astrologiae Certioribus (Concerning the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology)
,
72

De humani corporis fabrica libri septem
(“The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body”),
56

De la causa, principio e Uno (Concerning the Cause, Principle, and One)
,
60

De l'infinito universo e mondi (On the Infinite Universe and Worlds)
,
60

Della pittura
(“On Painting”),
41

della Torre, Marcantonio,
41

Dell'uso e dell'attività dell'arco conduttore nella contrazione dei muscoli
(“On the Use and Activity of the Conductive Arch in the Contraction of Muscles”),
108

de Medici, Cosimo II,
64

Democritus,
124

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
269
,
279
,
285
,
287
,
311
,
312
,
313–314
,
318
,
319
,
328
,
333
,
334
,
336

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi
(“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”),
47
,
49
,
50

Der grossen Wundartzney
(“Great Surgery Book”),
50
,
53

Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten (Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious)
,
219

Descartes, René,
46
,
74

Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The
,
173–174
,
177

De Stella Nova
(“On the New Star”),
72

De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius (Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion)
,
106

de Vries, Hugo,
182
,
227

Dialogo sopra I due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Coperican)
,
68

Diderot, Denis,
135

Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (The Origin of Continents and Oceans)
,
253

Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams)
,
218

Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species, The
,
173

Dioptrice
(“Dioptrics”),
74

Dirac, P.A.M.,
260
,
271
,
288

Disclosing the Past
,
283

Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences)
,
69

Diseases
,
19–20

dissection,
32–33
,
41
,
42
,
54
,
55–56
,
57
,
79
,
126

Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo
(“Conversations with the Sidereal Messenger”),
74

Diversity of Life, The
,
323

DNA Story, The
,
314

Doctrine of Phlogiston Established, and That of the Composition of Water Refuted
,
104

doctrine of signatures,
28

Dolphins
,
299

Doppler, Christian,
179

Double Helix, The
,
314

dream interpretation,
218
,
219

Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory)
,
219

dynamical theory of heat,
192

E

Earth-centric (geocentric) model of universe,
25
,
29
,
30–31

Edge of the Sea, The
,
297

Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom, The
,
173

Ehrlich, Paul,
323

Einstein, Albert,
14
,
199
,
210
,
222
,
225
,
244–252
,
258
,
261
,
271
,
274
,
289
,
310

elasticity, law of (Hooke),
84

Eldredge, Niles,
328

electricity, study of,
13–14
,
100
,
102
,
105–108
,
149
,
156
,
159–161
,
192
,
200

electrochemical dualism,
149–150
,
205

electrochemistry,
159–161

electrolysis,
144
,
147

electromagnetic radiation,
199–200

electromagnetism,
13
,
14
,
134–135
,
136–138
,
155
,
156
,
158–159
,
192
,
193
,
199
,
200–201

Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure
,
295

elements

classification of,
202
,
203
,
205

discovery of,
144
,
145–146
,
147
,
152
,
203–204
,
257

Elements of Agricultural Chemistry
,
146–147

Elements of Chemical Philosophy
,
148

Elements of Geology
,
163

Empedocles,
24

Epidemics
,
19

epistemology,
25

Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy)
,
74

Essai philosophique sur les probabilitiés (A Philosophical Essay on Probability)
,
119

Essai sur la théorie des proportions chimiques et sur l'influence chimique de l'électricité
(“Essay on the Theory of Chemical Proportions and on the Chemical Influence of Electricity”),
150–151

Essay on Classification
,
166

ether,
91–92

ethics, study of,
22

Ettinghausen, Andreas von,
179

Études critiques sur les mollusques fossiles
,
166

Études sur les glaciers
,
166

eugenics,
176–178
,
191

evolution, theory of,
85
,
127
,
129
,
164
,
166
,
167–174
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
182–183
,
189
,
190–191
,
227
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
323
,
328–329
,
337
,
338

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu
Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals)
,
74–75