Terrible Swift Sword (80 page)
16.
O.R., Series Four,
Vol. Ill, 645-48; "Trade with the Rebellious States," House of
Representatives Report No. 24, the Joint Committee on Commerce, 38th Congress,
Second Session, 1-3.
2.
The Ultimate Meaning
1.
Letter of John
Nicolay to Therena dated July 13, 1862, in the Nicolay Papers, Library of
Congress; letter of Attorney General Bates to James B. Eads dated Aug. 2, in
the James B. Eads Papers, Missouri Historical Society; letter of Thomas Scott
to S. L. M. Barlow dated July 31, in the Barlow Papers.
2.
Congressional
Globe,
37th Congress, Second
Session, Appendix, 412-13; Basler, Vol. V, 328-30. For an analysis of the act,
see James G. Randall,
Constitutional
Problems Under Lincoln,
358-63.
The act was puzzling to army officers. W. T. Sherman was anxious to send
fugitive slaves to St. Louis, where the Quartermaster badly needed laborers,
and he wrote: "By inviting Negroes to come in, by providing for their
families and by providing all wi
*'i
free
papers, we could send north any number of slaves, but I would prefer to send
none away until after they are declared
free
by
a court of competent jurisdiction." (Letter to Capt. Lewis B. Parsons,
dated Aug. 30, 1862, in the Parsons Papers, Illinois State Library, Springfield.)
3. Basler, Vol. V,
317-19.
4.
Ibid.,
342-43, 344-46; F. B. Carpenter,
Six Months
in the White House,
13.
5.
Basler,
Vol. V, 336-37. An endorsement on the text reads "Emancipation
Proclamation as first sketched and shown to the cabinet in July 1862."
According to one account, Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin was shown a draft of
the proclamation more than a month before the cabinet meeting. Lincoln is said
to have invited Hamlin to dinner on the night of June 18, to have read the
draft aloud, and to have accepted some of Hamlin's suggestions regarding it.
(Charles Eugene Hamlin,
The
Life
and Times
of
Hanibal Hamlin,
428-29.)
6.
Diary
of
Gideon Welles,
Vol.
I, 70-71; Nicolay & Hay, Vol. VI, 125-27; Carpenter, op. cit., 13-15;
letter of Secretary Chase to Bishop B. B. Smith of Louisville dated June 24,
1862, in the Salmon P. Chase Papers, New York Public Library;
Diary
and Correspondence
of
Salmon P.
Chase,
Annual Report of the
American Historical Association for the Year 1902, Vol. U, 48-49. In
The
War
for
the Union,
Vol.
II, 165, Allan Nevins shows that Nicolay and Hay overstate the amount of
opposition Lincoln met in the cabinet meeting. After the meeting Blair wrote
Lincoln that he feared the measure would "depress our financial credit
& would add to the enthusiasm of but a small portion of our people &
that not the effective portion in war." (Letter of Montgomery Blah-dated
July 23, in the Blair Family Papers, Library of Congress.) As late as Aug. 10
Lincoln's friend Leonard Swett, who said that the President had talked frankly
about his plans, predicted flady: "He will issue no proclamation
emancipating Negroes." (Letter of Swett to Mrs. Swett, in the David Davis
Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.)
7.
Moore's
Rebellion Record,
Vol.
XII, Supplement, 480-83.
8.
Basler,
Vol. V, 388-89.
9.
Ibid.,
419-25.
10.
Cincinnati
Commercial
for
July 11, 1862.
11.
New York
Tribune
for Aug. 15, 1862.
3.
A Long and Strong Flood
1. After his retreat
to Tupelo Beauregard wrote that for the immediate future military operations
would depend largely on the enemy's movements: "Should he divide his
forces, the offensive must be taken as soon as the condition of our troops and
our means of transportation will permit." (O.K.., Vol. X, Part One, 775.)
2. Basler, Vol. V, 322; O.R., Vol. XVI, Part
Two, 143.
3.
O.R.,
Vol. XVI, Part One, 767-70, 792-93, 796-97, 810-11; Stanley Horn,
The
Army
of
Tennessee,
160-61.
4.
One
of the oldest Civil War controversies concerns the orders under which Buell
moved. Buell argued that Halleck required him to repair and use the Memphis
& Charleston line and said that this was chiefly responsible for the delay.
In substance, Buell's point was upheld by the Buell Court of Inquiry (whose
hearings and findings are recorded in O.R., Vol. XVI, Part One, 6-726); it is
set forth in Henry M. Cist,
The Army
of
the Cumberland,
40-42.
Kenneth P. Williams sharply attacks this thesis
(Lincoln
Finds a General,
Vol. IV, 27) and it
is even more strongly criticized by George Bruce in
General
Buell's Campaign Against Chattanooga,
Papers of
the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, Vol. VIH, 101-22. An
interesting account of the march is Capt. Ephraim A. Otis,
Recollections
of
the Kentucky Campaign
of
1862,
also
in the Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, Vol. VII,
232-36.
5.
A.
T. Mahan,
The Gulf and Inland
Waters,
90-96; F. V. Greene,
The
Mississippi,
20-23; letter of
Welles to Farragut dated May 19, 1862, in the Farragut Papers, David H. Annan
Collection.
6.
Isaac
N. Brown,
The Confederate
Gunboat Arkansas,
B. & L., Vol. HI,
572-76; C. W. Read,
Reminiscences
of
the Confederate States Navy,
Southern
Historical Society Papers, Vol. I, 349-55; Mahan, op. cit., 98-103.
7.
N.O.R.,
Vol. XIX, 4-5, 19; Charles Lee Lewis,
David Glasgow
Farragut, Our First Admiral,
Vol. H,
117-18, 121.
8.
Letter
of Mrs. Bragg to General Bragg, undated but written in the spring of 1862, in
the collection of her letters in the Eugene C. Barker Texas History Center,
University of Texas.
9.
Letter
of C. I. Walker to Miss Ada Oriana Sinclair, dated June 2, 1862, in the C. I.
Walker Civil War Letters, typescript in the Eugene C. Barker Texas History
Center; Richard Taylor,
Destruction
and Reconstruction,
117; letter of Gen.
Bragg to Mrs. Bragg dated July 22, 1862, in the Braxton Bragg Papers, Missouri
Historical Society.
10. O.R., Vol. XVI,
Part Two, 709-10, 713, 727, 730.
11. There
is an excellent study of Bragg's move in Grady
McWhiney,
Controversy in
Kentucky: Braxton Bragg's Campaign
of
1862,
Civil
War History, Vol. VI, Number One. See also Robert
C. Black,
The Railroads
of
the Confederacy,
180-84.
4.
Triumph in Disaster
1. O.R., Series Four,
Vol. II, 34.
2. O.R., Vol. XII, Part Two, 51-52; Part
Three, 435, 437, 444,
473-74, 495.
3. Dunbar Rowland, Vol. V, 320-25.
4.
Letter
of James Gillette, commissary officer in Pope's army, dated July 31, 1862;
notes in the possession of Allan Nevins. See also Charles F. Walcott,
History
of
the 21st Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteer
Infantry,
128;
Warren H. Cudworth,
History
of
the 1st Regiment Massachusetts
Infantry,
255;
Joseph Keith Newell,
Ours: Annals
of
the 10th Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteers in the Rebellion,
136; James
L. Bowen,
History
of
the 37th Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteers in the Civil
War
of
1861-1865,
92-93.
5.
Diary
of Betty Herndon Maury, entry for May 13, 1862, Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress.
6. O.R., Vol.
XI, Part Three, 295-96, 306.
7.
Diary
and Correspondence
of
Salmon P.
Chase,
Annual Re-
port of the American Historical Association for the Year 1902,
Vol. II, 46-47; letters of Fitz John Porter to J. C. G. Kennedy
of Washington, dated July 17 and July 29, 1862, in the Fitz John
Porter Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
8. O.R., Vol. VIH,
508-11.
9. McClellan to Barlow dated
"Berkeley, Wednesday 23" (obvi-
ously of July 1862) in the Barlow Papers, Huntington Library;
O.R., Vol. XI, Part Three, 345.
10.
McClellan's
Own Story,
490-91;
O.R., Vol XI, Part Three, 337-38, 359-60; Vol. XI, Part One, 80-81.
11.
Pope's
July 31 returns, O.R., Vol. XII, Part Three, 523; Lee's returns for July 20,
O.R., Vol. XI, Part Three, 645.
12.
Lee's
Dispatches,
38-40.
13.
O.R., Vol.
XII, Part Three, 925-26.
14. Freeman,
Lee's
Lieutenants,
Vol. II, 1-52; Edward
J. Stack-
pole,
From Cedar Mountain to Antietam,
55-78.
Jackson's report
on the battle is in O.R., Vol. XII, Part Two, 180-86; Pope's, 132-
36.
15. O.R., Vol. XI,
Part Three, 334, 372; Part One, 284.
16. Montgomery Meigs, memorandum on the
relations of
Lincoln and Stanton, in the Meigs Papers, Library of Congress.
(Notes from Allan Nevins.)
17. Letter of Webb to his father dated
Aug. 14, 1862, in the
Alexander Stewart Webb Collection,
Historical Manuscripts Divi-
f'
i,
Yale University Library.
18.
McClellan to Barlow dated July 30, 1862, in the Barlow Papers; McClellan to
Mrs. McClellan dated Aug. 21, in the McClellan Letterbook.
5.
The
Pressures
of
War
1. C. F. Adams, Jr.,
Charles
Francis Adams,
240-49.
2.
Letter
of General Butler to Montgomery Blair dated May 8, 1862, in the Blair Family
Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
3.
Two
Months in the Confederate States, Including a Visit to New Orleans Under the
Domination
of
General Butler,
by
an English Merchant, 28-30; Journal of Mrs. Robert Dow Urquhart, entry for May
2, 1862, in the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library Archives, Tulane University;
Clara Solomon,
Diary
of
a
New
Orleans Girl,
208, typescript in
the Department of Archives, Louisiana State University. The case of the woman
who was sent to Ship Island is discussed from Butler's point of view in James
Parton,
General Butler in New
Orleans,
438-39; from the
prisoner's point of view in Eugenia Phillips,
A
Southern Woman's Story
of
her
Imprisonment during the War
of
1861-1862,
Manuscript Division,
Library of Congress.
4.
Butler
wrote an interesting defense of his order in a letter to C. C. Garner of New
York dated June 10, 1862, asserting: "Since that order, no man or woman
has insulted a soldier of mine in New Orleans. And from the
first
hour
of our landing,
no
woman has complained
of
the conduct
of
my soldiers toward her, nor has there been a single cause of complaint."
(Courtesy of Ralph Newman of Chicago.)
5. C. F. Adams, Jr., op. cit., 250-60.
6.
Cited
in James Ford Rhodes,
History
of
the United States,
Vol.
IV, 84.
7.
James
A. B. Scherer,
Cotton as a World
Power,
263-64, 267; C. F.
Adams, Jr., 268-69.
8.
James
L. Watkins,
King Cotton: a
Historical and Statistical Review, 1790 to 1908,
19.
9. Dunbar
Rowland, Vol. V, 338-39.
10.
O.R., Series Four,
Vol. I, 1156-69; Rowland, Vol. V, 292-93.
11.
O.R.,
Series Four, Vol. I, 1127; N.O.R., Series Two, Vol. II, 243^4, 535.
12.
O.R.,
Series Four, Vol. II, 881-83; Series Three, Vol. V, 1003; Charles W. Ramsdell,
Behind
the Lines in the Southern Confederacy,
94-98;
Robert C. Black,
Railroads
of
the Confederacy,
294-95.
13.
Rowland,
Vol. VIII, 42-43;
American Annual
Cyclopaedia
for
1863,
205.
14.
There is an excellent
discussion of the Confederacy's financial problems in Ramsdell, op. cit., 7-14,
115-16. See also Emory Hawk,
Economic
History
of
the South,
400-5,
409-10.
15. Rowland, Vol. V,
209, 301-3, 342-43.
16.
DeBow's
Review,
May-August, 1862, 77;
Victor S. Clark,
History
of
Manufactures in the United States,
Vol.
II, 52.
6.
Scabbard Thrown Away
1.
London
Times
for Aug. 5, 1862, bearing a story from
New York dated July 22.
2.
Fred
A. Shannon,
The Organization and
Administration
of
the Union Army,
1861-1865,
Vol, I, 275-77; O.R.,
Series Three, Vol. V, 609; William B. Hesseltine,
Lincoln
and the War Governors,
201-2;
Report of Secretary Stanton,
Congressional
Globe,
37th Congress, Third
Session, Part Two, 28.
3.
William
E. Dodd,
Jefferson Davis,
283;
Rowland, Vol. V, 313; letter of W. T. Sherman to T. Ewing from Chewalla, Tenn.,
in the Ewing Family Papers, Library of Congress.
4.
Chicago
Morning Post
for
July 1, 1862, bearing a Memphis dispatch dated June 26; letter of E. L. Acee to
Governor Pettus dated July 29, in the John J. Pettus Papers, Mississippi State
Archives, Jackson, Miss.
5.
Letter
to August Belmont from a Dr. Mercer of New Orleans dated Aug. 22, 1862, copy in
the Barlow Papers, autograph collection, Huntington Library.
6.
Davis's
ideas about the western campaign are presented in fair detail in a July 28
letter to Kirby Smith (Kirby Smith Papers, Southern Historical Collection,
University of North Carolina) and an Aug. 5 dispatch to Bragg (Rowland, Vol. V,
313). The President believed that success against Buell would mean the recall
of Grant's army.
7.
O.R.,
Vol. XVI, Part One, 471. Perhaps the best succinct analysis of Bragg's campaign
is Grady McWhiney,
Controversy in
Kentucky,
Civil War History,
Vol. VI, Number One, 11 ff.
8.
W.
L. Gammage,
The Camp, the Bivouac
and the Battlefield; being a History
of
the Fourth Arkansas Regiment,
38, 45-47;
letter of Smith to Bragg from Lexington dated Sept. 3, 1862, in -the Palmer
Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.
9. Robert S. Harper,
Ohio
Handbook
of
the Civil War,
25;
"The
Siege of Cincinnati," in the
Atlantic
Monthly
for February 1863;
O.R., Vol. XVI, Part Two, 524.
10.
Arndt
Stickles,
Simon Bolivar
Buckner,
201-3; O.R., VoL XVI,
Part One, 209-10, 967, 982.
11.
Letter of
Bragg to Mrs. Bragg from Munfordville dated Sept. 18, in the Braxton Bragg
Papers, Missouri Historical Society; Journal of Captain W. L. Trask, in the possession
of Mr. and Mrs. Gordon W. Trask of Oak Park, 111.; O.R., Vol. XVI, Part One,
208, 961.
12. O.R., Vol. XVII,
Part Two, 628, 667-68.
13.
Letter of
Smith to Bragg dated Sept. 23, in the Palmer Collection, Western Reserve
Historical Society.
14.
Journal of
Capt. W. L. Trask, cited in Footnote 11: O.R., Vol. XVI, Part Two, 876.
Chapter Seven:
THENCEFORWARD
AND FOREVER
1. Recipe
for
Confusion
1.
For
a detailed study of Lee's moves between his departure from the peninsula and
Pope's retirement behind the Rappahannock, the reader is referred to Freeman,
R.
E. Lee,
Vol. II, 259-90: also
E. P. Alexander,
Military Memoirs
of
a Confederate,
186-90.
2.
There
is a good time-table of the Army of the Potomac arrivals in Peter S. Michie,
General
McClellan,
383. See also O.R.,
Vol. XII, Part Two, 412; Part Three, 613-14, 617, 620.
3.
Letter
of Lee to Mrs. Lee dated Aug. 25, 1862, in the R. E. Lee Papers, Library of
Congress.
4.
Letter
of Mallory to Mrs. Mallory dated Aug. 31, in the Stephen R. Mallory Papers,
Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
5.
O.R.,
Vol. XI, Part Three, 345-46, 359-60.
6.
Ibid.,
378-80.
7.
O.R.,
Vol. XH, Part Three, 653.
8.
Ibid.,
684.
9.
W.
W. Blackford,
War Years with Jeb
Stuart,
121.
10. There is a good sketch of the
Groveton fight in Edward J.
Stackpole,
From Cedar Mountain
to Antietam,
158-63.
2.
The Terrible
Weariness
1.
O.R., Vol XII, Part
Three, 704; Cecil D. Eby, Jr., ed.,
A Virginia
Yankee in the Civil War: the Diaries
of
David Hunter Strother,
91-92.
2.
The
argument over Porter's inaction continues to this day. The dust cloud which
caused him to halt was raised by Stuart's troopers, who worked hard ti make
Porter think exactly what he did think. Longstreet got his corps into position
by noon or a little later, and when Pope at 4:30
p.m
.
peremptorily ordered Porter to attack Jackson's right flank such a move was
wholly impossible. Porter was cashiered for his failure to obey this order;
long after the war a Court of Inquiry reconsidered the case and exonerated him,
and his commission as an army officer was returned to him. Pope unquestionably
based his plan of battle on a misunderstanding of the real situation.
At
the same time it is hard to acquit Porter of having been an extremely reluctant
dragon. General Lee noted the presence of Porter's corps some time before
Longstreet's corps came up and directed Stuart to make a demonstration in order
to prevent an attack—a fairly clear indication that energetic action by Porter
in the middle of the morning would have harmed the Confederates. After the war,
Lee remembered that Porter's troops were "peaceable looking" and
said that he did not think them disposed to attack. (Memorandum by Col. William
Allan of a conversation with General Lee on Feb. 18, 1870, in the Southern
Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.) The case for Porter is
energetically and exhaustively argued in Otto Eisenschiml's
The
Celebrated Case
of
Fitz John Porter.
For
an opposing viewpoint see K. P. Williams,
Lincoln
Finds a General,
Vol. I, 324-30.
There are interesting sidelights on the
case in the John A. Logan Memorial Collection, Illinois State Historical
Library, Springfield. In 1880, as a member of Congress, Logan made a speech
opposing the attempt to exonerate General Porter, and this collection contains
six volumes of letters from former soldiers commending his speech. Written long
after the event, when the case had become a hot political issue, the letters
have only sketchy value as evidence, and yet their weight is rather impressive.
They at least show that many hundreds of the men who fought at Bull Run felt in
1880 that Porter had willfully refused to join in the fight at a time when his
help was greatly needed, and they deserve a critical examination.
3. Lee to Davis, Aug.
30, 1862, in
Lee's Dispatches,
56-59.