and cancer
93
,
102
,
136
,
188–93
,
189
,
192
centralized vs. decentralized
135–45
and fungi
16
,
101
,
102–3
,
135
,
142–3
and warfare
103
,
162–3
order
15–16
,
21–4
,
39
,
110
and extreme behavior
20
,
123
and music
63
and the Sun
27
and temperature
35–7
,
212
and time-series
41–3
,
44
,
47
,
55–6
,
58–61
,
63–5
output price-series
117–18
,
160
output time-series
41–3
,
44–53
,
54–62
and Chaos
45–53
,
54–5
in financial markets
42–3
,
50–3
and music
61–4
and order and disorder
41–3
,
44–8
,
55–6
,
58–61
,
63–5
periodic
48–50
,
49
,
65
and predictability
43
,
44
,
91–2
and warfare
175
outputs
39–43
,
44
and arrangements
39–48
and fractals
49
,
50
,
60
,
160
pathogens
and immune system
193
mutation
177
see also
viruses
patterns
periodic
48–50
,
49
,
65
universal
56
,
61
,
118
,
160
,
163
,
167
,
168–71
see also
fractals
Penrose, Roger
205
phase transitions
9
,
37
phenomena, emergent
3–10
,
211
and bias
32–7
,
57–8
fractals as
50
,
54
,
65
and jazz
63
and machines
6–7
and physics
9–10
and polarization of population
82–3
,
83
,
86–8
prediction and control
5
,
6
,
10
,
11–12
,
15
,
19–20
,
55
,
116
as self-organized
5–6
,
19
as unexpected
15
universal properties
70
and weather
9
see also
market crashes; traffic jams
phenotypes, and dating
150
,
157
photoelectric effect
197–8
photosynthesis
27
,
101
,
203–5
,
204
Physics
and bias
35–7
of closed systems
14
,
28
,
211
and emergent phenomena
9–10
,
16
and infinity
211–12
and mean-field theory
74
and networks
101
,
142
and radioactive decay
151–2
polarization
199–200
power-law
166
,
167–8
,
169–71
,
169
,
173–5
,
176
predictability
and Chaos
40–1
and emergent phenomena
5
,
6
,
10
,
11–12
,
20
in financial markets
43
,
91
,
93
,
113–15
,
122–3
,
124–5
and the future
91
,
95
,
124–5
and managing complexity
4
,
90–1
,
95
and pockets of order
20–1
,
91–2
,
122–3
,
123
,
125
,
125
and time-series
43
,
44
,
91–2
prices
39–40
and equilibrium
84
movement
119–20
prediction
113–14
,
116–18
,
124–5
time-series
42
,
50–3
,
88
probability, and decision-making
80
,
88
,
173
quantum crowd effects
9–10
quantum physics
197–210
cryptography
9
,
201
and excitons
203–4
and games
205–7
and networks
101
and plants
202–5
and quantum computer
9
,
201
,
205
and quantum particles
10
,
198–202
,
203
Quiroga, Luis
204–5
random walk
56–60
,
63
in financial markets
115–16
,
117
randomness
47
,
53
,
55–6
,
61
,
82
,
125
Reed-Tsochas, Felix
16
resources
competition for
4–8
,
108
,
129
,
148
,
159–60
,
168
,
191
under-utilization
88
Restrepo, Elvira Maria
169–70
,
187
Restrepo, Jorge
163–4
,
169–71
,
172–5
Richardson, Lewis Fry
164–7
,
168–9
Riolo, R.
89
risk, evolution
91
Rodriguez, Ferney
204–5
rumors
in financial markets
84
,
125–7
,
186
,
187
spread
98
,
186–7
Savit, R.
88–9
science, and Complexity
16–18
self-organization
and animal kingdom
5–6
and crowds
5
,
10
,
72
,
84
and insurgent networks
103
and jazz
63
and war
163
sheep–dogs–wolves game
158
,
194–6
Sherrington, D.
89
small world effect
100
Smith, David
89–95
,
103
,
123–4
,
143
,
149–54
,
156–7
space–time
10
,
197
Spagat, Mike
163–4
,
169–71
,
172–5
Stanley, Gene
107
state-space
32
Stochasticity, Characteristic
91
Strogatz, Steve
54
,
98
Suarez, Nicolas
169–70
Suleman, Omer
105
,
126
Summers, Paul
137
super-bugs
103
,
157–8
,
187
,
193–6
supermarkets, and supply chains
100
,
136
superposition
200
,
206
supply
see
nutrient supply chain
systems, open
14
,
32–7
,
63
technology
“smart”
94
and warfare
161
temperature
35–7
,
212
terrorism
and casualty data
168–71
,
174
and competition
4
,
72
impact on financial markets
126–7
and networks
103
,
136
universal patterns
168–71
time
and money
134–7
,
145
see also
space-time
time series
see
output time-series
traffic
and comfort limit
130–3
,
144
and competition
71–2
congestion charging
134
,
137–9
,
141
,
144
and emergent phenomena
19
,
69
and feedback
26
,
77
,
130
hub-and-spoke model
133–6
,
137–9
,
138
,
144
,
145
multiple-ring-and-hub model
139
and networks
129–39
,
144–5
and time vs. money
134–7
,
145
and “which route?” dilemmas
11
,
129–34
traffic jams
15
,
130
and crowd effect
4
,
10
,
68
,
69
as extreme behavior
19–20
,
162
and pockets of order
21
,
25
,
130
Tumer, Kagan
6
universality, and war
160
,
163
,
167
,
168–71
Universe
as closed system
14
,
15
,
28
,
211
and disorder
28–9
,
56
vasculature, and cancer tumors
189
,
190
,
191–2
Ventikos, Yiannis
137
violence, and crowds
159
,
186
viruses
computer
193
and defense strategies
157–8
and immune system
6
,
177–8
mutation
177–8
