Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide (108 page)

on Regensburg address, 199

Biro, Gaspar, UN Special Rapporteur, 145–146

accused of blasphemy, 205, 209, 316

Bisri, K. H. Mustofa, xvii, 333n1

blasphemy, 3–6,
and throughout

globalization of, 10, 173–176,
and throughout

vague use of, 86, 99, 115, 312

Wahid’s discussion of, xvii–xix

Western legal history of, 231–232

Boko Haram militia, 10, 137–138

Boroujerdi, Ayatollah, 53–54

Bousakla, Mimount, 16, 259, 326

Brethren churches, 46

Britain (Great Britain, U.K.), 15

employs politically correct terms, 322–323

hate-speech legislation, 251–253, 329

on Rushdie affair, 180–182, 234

See also
Rushdie, Salman;
Satanic Verses

British National Party (BNP), 246–247

Buddhists, 22–23, 84, 151, 158, 164, 168, 301

Burger King, 15

Cairo Declaration, 11, 16, 208–210, 400n10

caliph(s), historical, 85, 89, 106, 296

Abu Bakr, 74, 302

al-Ma’mun, 297

Ali, 105, 267

caliphate, 74, 296, 298–300, 322

restoration of by militants, 304

Canada, 66, 111, 224

conflict over sharia courts, 250, 278

hate speech laws, 227, 237, 250–251, 412n51

human rights commissions, 250

See also
Levant, Ezra; Steyn, Mark, Fatah, Tarek; Manji, Irshad

Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC), 227, 242–243, 250, 278

See also
Fatah, Tarek; Levant, Ezra, Steyn, Mark;

Catch the Fire Ministries
case, 228–230, 249–250

Catholic(s), 143, 151, 158, 167, 189, 249–250

churches attacked, 189, 197, 199

clergy and nuns murdered, 93, 117, 136, 139, 198, 318

mending ruptures with Muslims, 285

Catholic Church, 189, 240

on freedom of speech, 198

on other religions, 239

See also
Regensburg address

Catholicism, 158, 160, 163, 195

censorship by Muslim authorities

of Ahmadi works, 152

of all media, 22, 72

of books, 72, 154, 164–167, 171, 180

of journalists, 131

of magazines, 117, 124

of Muslim religious works, 71

of newspapers, 35, 72, 83

of public speakers, 143

of websites, 171

See also
Allah

Chaldaean Catholic Church, 46, 199

Choudhury, Salahuddin Shoaib, 152, 155–156

Christianity, 46, 164, 167,
and throughout

has status of “heavenly” religion, 62, 63

must have dialogue with Islam, 198

protected by blasphemy laws, 182, 231, 251, 320, 328

Christians

in Afghanistan, 102–103, 106–107, 108, 109

in Algeria, 119–121

in Egypt, 62–71, 77, 79

in Iran, 36, 46–48

in Jordan, 122–123

in Morocco, 124–126

in Nigeria, 135–137

in Pakistan 83, 84, 87, 88, 92–95, 99–100

in Saudi Arabia, 22–26, 31

in Somalia, 138–140, 311

in Sudan, 141, 143, 144–145, 147, 148

in Turkey, 117, 118, 127–129, 130

in Yemen, 131

See also
converts from Islam

Confucianism, 158, 160, 164

converts from Islam

at high risk, 283–285, 310–311

examples of, 103, 106–107, 117,
and throughout

See also
apostasy; Christians

converts to Islam, 163, 200, 228, 326

Coptic Orthodox Church, 63, 71, 197

Copts, 65–66, 68, 80, 81

Council of Europe (CoE), 54, 204, 232

on hate speech laws, 253–255, 322, 328

Venice Commission, 236, 254–255, 257, 322, 328

Danish cartoons, 184–185,
and throughout

condemned by Muslim governments, 190–191

deaths resulting from, 174, 178

reprinted, 11, 188, 193, 242–243

violent protest against, 133, 177–178, 187–190

See also Jyllands-Posten
; Levant, Ezra; OIC; Westergaard, Kurt

defamation, historical meaning of, 225

defamation of religion(s), 4, 150, 175,
and throughout

originally defamation of Islam, 11, 175

poorly defined, 5, 211, 212

resolutions against, by UN General Assembly, 206, 215–216

resolutions against, by UN Human Rights Council

history of, 211–213, 215–216

opposed by Western nations, 207, 211, 217

pushed by OIC, 4, 206–208, 211–212

strategically not introduced, 207, 211, 216

Deligoz, Ekin, 16, 274

democracy

accused of being un-Islamic, 7, 247

declared compatible with Islam, 54, 56, 57, 277,
and throughout

threatened by blasphemy laws, 5, 185, 242

Denmark, 16

See also
Danish cartoons

Diène, Doudou, UN Special Rapporteur, 213–214, 224

chastises American evangelicals, 211

focuses on “Islamophobia,” 213–214

inspires OIC complaints, 215

lacks balance in reports, 214

Druze, religion, 122

Durban Review Conference (Durban II), 223–224

Egypt, 8, 11, 16, 61–82,
and throughout

See also
Muslim Brotherhood

Ellian, Afshin, 278

ethnicity of religious minorities, 46, 50, 110, 119, 164

EU (European Union), 43, 127, 185, 296

legislates against racism, 235

on freedom of speech, 12

See also
defamation of religion(s)

European Court of Human Rights, 130, 232–233, 254–255, 257, 328

Ezidi (Yezidi) religion, 127, 376n76

Fallaci, Oriana, 239–240, 257

Faraz, Jawad, 98–99

Fatah, Tarek, 278

Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, 37

fatwa(s), 38, 96, 106, 111,
and throughout

against bananas and cucumbers, 74

against Danish cartoonists, 190, 191

against Naguib Mahfouz, 81

against Salman Rushdie.
See
Rushdie, Salman

against translating prayers, 163

denying that Ahmadis are Muslims, 159

ruled illegal in Bangladesh, 151

Finkielkraut, Alain, 271

Finland, 12, 228, 240, 321, 328

Fitna
(film), 178, 202

reaction to, 202–203

See also
Wilders, Geert

Foda, Farag, 73–74, 79, 81

Fortuyn, Pim, 267–268

France, 15, 118, 124, 269, 271, 321

abolished old blasphemy law, 231, 237

and Danish cartoons, 188, 192, 242

on defamation of religions, 219

freedoms of religion, speech, and expression

threatened, 178, 222–223, 257,
and throughout

See also
apostasy; blasphemy; censorship; defamation; democracy; human rights

fundamentalism, Muslim, 242, 257, 275, 307, 326, 330

Abu-Zayd on, 289–291, 293–294

financial support for, 73–74

Nasreen on, 155

Rushdie on, 180

Wahid on, xviii–xxi

fundamentalist Muslim parties, 158, 171

God, 41, 71, 85, 101, and throughout

identified with a regime, 52, 60

waging war against, 35,
and throughout

Wahid on, xvii–xxii

See also
Allah

Greater Middle East region, 9, 117–118, 131–132

hadith
, 74, 78, 111, 115, 152, 155

Abu-Zayd on, 294

Saeed on, 296–297

Wahid on, xx, 333n5

hate speech

equated loosely with other terms, 5

lacking a clear legal definition, 5, 12, 176, 230

restricted by company policy, 202

restricted by law or by vigilantism, 178

uttered by Muslims, 202, 237, 246

See also
blasphemy; defamation of religion(s)

hate-speech laws, 187

general critique of, 5, 318–322, 326–330

in international conventions, 235

in Muslim nations

could undercut religious freedom, 226

in Western nations

American attitudes to, 221–223, 236

in Britain, 246, 251–253

in Denmark, 240–241

in France, 248

in Netherlands, 270

increasing use of, 176

initially antiracism measures, 12, 235, 237–238

reaction against, 249–253

replace blasphemy bans, 176, 207, 219, 235, 236

See also
blasphemy; Council of Europe; defamations of religion(s)

Hindus, 154

as religious minority, 22, 84, 102, 124, 131, 151, 158, 164

repressed in Pakistan, 84, 87, 95–96

Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 193, 244, 257, 261, 268–269, 323

hisba
, 62, 80–81

human rights, 5, 16, 19,
and throughout

redefined by “defamation” notion, 4, 206

violations of, 38, 105,
and throughout

See also
Cairo Declaration; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

human rights commissions, 211, 227, 251, 321, 326

in Muslim-majority countries, 30, 94, 97, 110, 111, 314

repress free speech, 321–322.
See also
Levant, Ezra; Steyn, Mark

See also
UN