Shadow Warrior (87 page)

8
. William E. Colby Oral History, June 2, 1981.

9
. Quoted in Eric Bergerud,
The Dynamics of Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province
(New York: 1993), 81–82; John Paul Vann to Keith Roberts, June 25, 1965, Box 41, F Hau Nghia Province, Papers of Neil Sheehan, Library of Congress.

10
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 203.

11
. Quoted in Randall B. Woods,
LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
(New York: 2006), 436.

12
. Quoted in ibid., 608.

13
. See Neil Sheehan,
Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam
(New York: 1988).

14
. Author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct. 10–12, 2010; “Sheehan-Halberstam Conversation,” May 23, 1975, Box 67, F4, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

15
. Douglas K. Ramsey,
Bees to the Honey, Flies to the Carrion, Moth to the Flame
, unpublished memoir in the possession of author, IIIA, 26, 55; author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct. 4, 2007.

16
. “Vincent Demma Memo,” Aug. 8, 1962, Box 62, F Vincent, D., Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

17
. Quoted in Sheehan,
Bright Shining Lie
, 538.

18
. Quoted in “Dunn-Sheehan Conversation,” Dec. 31, 1979, Box 63, F Dunn, M., Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

19
. Maxwell Taylor Oral History, Sept. 14, 1981, LBJ Library.

20
. “Tactics,” May 1968, Diary, Box 30, Papers of William Westmoreland, LBJ Library; Walter Rostow to Lyndon B. Johnson, April 5, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 6, 333.

21
. “Sheehan-Halberstam Conversation,” May 23, 1975, and July 16, 1972, F4, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

22
. Quoted in Woods,
LBJ
, 719.

23
. William E. Colby to Michael Forrestal, Nov. 16, 1964, CREST, National Archives II.

24
. Ibid.; “Commentary on Special National Intelligence Estimate 53-2-64,” Oct. 19, 1964, Box 2, F Colby-Vietnam, Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute.

25
. “Notes of Meeting,” Jan. 11, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 43; “Memorandum of Conversation,” Aug. 2, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 542.

26
. Quoted in R. W. Komer,
Bureaucracy at War: U.S. Performance in the Vietnam Conflict
(Boulder, CO: 1986), 81, 83.

27
. William Colby,
Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America's Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam
(Chicago: 1989), 205; quoted in Woods,
LBJ
, 683.

28
. Robert Komer to Lyndon B. Johnson, May 9, 1966, NSF, Komer Files, Box 4, LBJ Library; Robert Komer to Lyndon B. Johnson, April 19, 1966, NSF, Komer Files, Box 2, LBJ Library; Robert Komer to Colonel Robert I. Channon, June 20, 1974, Box 22, Colby Papers, Texas Tech University.

29
. Robert Komer to Lyndon B. Johnson, Aug. 2 and Aug. 30, 1966, NSF, Box 2, Komer Files, LBJ Library; John Paul Vann to Vince Davis, May 1, 1965, Box 26, F Davis, V., Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress. In 1966 alone, the ARVN experienced 135,000 desertions. “The South Vietnamese Army Today,” CIA memorandum, Dec. 12, 1966, CREST, National Archives II.

30
. George Carver to Richard Helms, July 7, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 486–487; Richard Helms to Robert Komer, July 18, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 505.

31
. Robert Komer to William Porter, July 27, 1966, NSF, Komer Files, Box 4, LBJ Library.

32
. “Memo from DOD to McNamara,” Aug. 24, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 591.

33
. Woods,
LBJ
, 725–726; “Westmoreland Diaries,” Sept. 18, 1966, Box 9, F History, Sept.-Oct. '66, Westmoreland Papers, LBJ Library; Lyndon B. Johnson to Henry Cabot Lodge, Nov. 16, 1966, NSF, Komer Files, Box 2, LBJ Library; George Carver to Richard Helms, Sept. 28, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 669; Lyndon B. Johnson to Henry Cabot Lodge, Nov. 16, 1966, NSF, Komer Files, Box 2, LBJ Library.

34
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 206; Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 205.

35
. Chau, “Hawks, Doves, and Dragons,” 368, 374.

36
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 216–217, 220, 230; “Pacification and Nation-Building in Vietnam: Present Status, Current Trends and Prospects,” CIA, Feb. 17, 1967, CREST.

37
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
CIA and the Generals: Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, October 1998, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 41, 48; “Memorandum for the Record,” July 17, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 497–498.

38
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 244.

39
. Thomas W. Scoville,
Reorganizing for Pacification Support
(Washington, DC: 1982), Chap. 4, p. 7; Lyndon B. Johnson to Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense, May 9, 1967, NSF Memos, Rostow, May 1967, vol. 27, LBJ Library; Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 250.

40
. John Roche to Lyndon B. Johnson, Nov. 4, 1966, Diary Backup, Box 49, LBJ Papers, LBJ Library.

41
. Ellsworth Bunker Oral History, Dec. 9, 1980, LBJ Library.

42
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 121.

43
. John Prados,
Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby
(New York: 2003), 182.

44
. Ahern,
CIA and Generals
, 51–56.

45
. See David E. Lilienthal,
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Creativity and Conflict
(New York: 1967), 379.

46
. William E. Colby to Richard Helms, July 25, 1967,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Vietnam
, vol. 4, 633–637.

47
. Author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.

1
. Hugh Wilford,
The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America
(Cambridge, MA: 2009), 240–241.

2
. Richard Helms, with William Hood,
A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency
(New York: 2003), 380.

3
. Quoted in William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(New York: 1978), 242; John Prados,
Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby
(New York: 2003), 192.

4
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 242.

5
. Quoted in Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith,
Richard Helms as Director of the CIA
(Washington, DC: 2006), 101.

6
. Tom Mangold,
Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton. The CIA's Master Spy Hunter
(New York: 1991), 154, 156–157.

7
. Ibid., 56–57.

8
. Hathaway and Smith,
Helms as Director
, 103; David Robarge, “Moles, Defectors and Deceptions: James Angleton and CIA Counterintelligence,”
Journal of Intelligence History
3, no. 2 (2003): 35.

9
. Quoted in Hathaway and Smith,
Helms as Director
, 104.

10
. “New Information on President Kennedy's Assassination,”
Intelligence Digest
, April 1, 1975, 20; Robarge, “Moles, Defectors,” 37–38; Hathaway and Smith,
Helms as Director
, 104–106.

11
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 245. A subsequent investigation determined that both Golitsin and Nosenko had been authentic defectors. The investigation provided information on Soviet operations showing that both had been targeted for assassination by the KGB. Robarge, “Moles, Defectors,” 39. David Blee, a later chief of central intelligence, believed that Angleton's unfounded suspicions cost some Soviet defectors their lives. Harold Ford,
William E. Colby as Director of Central Intelligence, 1973–1976
(Washington, DC: 1993), 87, released under Freedom of Information Act, Aug. 11, 2011.

12
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 246.

13
. Helms,
A Look over My Shoulder
, 335.

14
. Author interview with Sally Shelton-Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.

15
. Author interview with Paul Colby, June 10, 2007; author interview with Stan Temko, Jan. 6, 2007; author interview with Christine Colby Giraudo, June 5, 2010.

16
. Author interview with Susan Colby, June 5, 2010.

17
. Author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007.

18
. William Colby,
Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America's Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam
(Chicago: 1989), 233.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid., 227.

21
. Quoted in Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
CIA and the Generals: Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, October 1998, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 74.

22
. Lewis Sorley,
Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968–1972
(Lubbock, TX: 2004), 13, 110.

23
. Quoted in Randall Bennett Woods,
Quest for Identity: America Since 1945
(New York: 2005), 268.

24
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 233.

25
. Thomas W. Scoville,
Reorganizing for Pacification Support
(Washington, DC: 1982), 67.

26
. Author interview with Mike Hacker, Oct. 23, 2007; author interview with Louis Jankowski, Nov. 7, 2007; author interview with Bruce Kinsey, Sept. 20, 2007.

27
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
CIA and Rural Pacification in South Vietnam
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, August 2001, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 253, 257, 262; author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct. 12–14, 2007.

28
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 279.

29
. Ibid., 284–285.

30
. Ibid., 287; quoted in Thomas K. Adams,
US Special Operations Forces in Action: The Challenge of Unconventional Warfare
(London: 1998), 133.

31
. Author interview with Tom Martin, Oct. 1, 2007; Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 301, 303.

32
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 297.

33
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 234.

34
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 313, 329; Colby,
Lost Victory
, 235.

35
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 238.

36
. Sheehan interview with Colonel Carl Bernard, n.d., Box 120, F-Bernard, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

37
. Carl Bernard to Eric Bergerud, March 20, 1991, Box 22, Colby Papers, Texas Tech University; Sheehan interview with Colonel Carl Bernard, n.d., Box 120, F-Bernard, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.

38
. Neil Sheehan,
Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam
(New York: 1988), 700–701.

39
. Daniel Ellsberg,
Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers
(New York: 2002), 117, 121–123.

40
. Sheehan interview with Colonel Carl Bernard, n.d., Box 120, F-Bernard, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress; author interview with Sally Shelton-Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.

41
. Quoted in Randall B. Woods,
LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
(New York: 2006), 637.

42
. Quoted in Woods,
Quest for Identity
, 271.

43
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and the Generals
, 75.

44
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 239.

45
. Ibid., 240.

46
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 307.

47
. Ibid., 307, 333.

48
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 203; Colby,
Lost Victory
, 242–243.

49
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 254.

50
. Quoted in Sorley,
Vietnam Chronicles
, 17, 26, 40, 44.

51
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 254; Sorley,
Vietnam Chronicles
, 50.

52
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 258–259; quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 288 n. 28.