Revolution 1989 (65 page)
Authors: Victor Sebestyen
FIVE: CIVIL WAR
1
Wojciech Jaruzelski’s memoirs,
Róni Sic Mdrze
, (Kziazka i Wiedza, Warsaw, 1999), and
Les Chaines et le refuge
Wojciech Jaruzelski’s memoirs,
Róni Sic Mdrze
, (Kziazka i Wiedza, Warsaw, 1999), and
Les Chaines et le refuge
4
Boyes, pp. 102-6
Boyes, pp. 102-6
7
Wałsa interview in CNN’s Cold War series produced by Jeremy Isaacs, 1997, LHCMA box 11
Wałsa interview in CNN’s Cold War series produced by Jeremy Isaacs, 1997, LHCMA box 11
8
TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow
TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow
9
Zubok, p. 390
Zubok, p. 390
10
TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow. Politburo minutes for 10 December 1980
TsKhSD, f89. op 42, d6, Moscow. Politburo minutes for 10 December 1980
11
Zubok, p. 393
Zubok, p. 393
SIX: THE BLEEDING WOUND
1
Interview transcripts for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 14
Interview transcripts for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 14
2
TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 30, Moscow
TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 30, Moscow
3
Interview for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
Interview for CNN Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
4
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Zubok, pp. 345-53 and TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 31, Politburo minutes for 10 December 1990
Zubok, pp. 345-53 and TsKhSD, f89. Per 14, doc 31, Politburo minutes for 10 December 1990
6
Dobrynin, p. 232
Dobrynin, p. 232
SEVEN: THE POWER OF THE POWERLESS
2
Author’s interview with Milan Hlavsa and other Plastic People, Prague, April 1999
Author’s interview with Milan Hlavsa and other Plastic People, Prague, April 1999
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
4
Ben Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle: A History of Communism Told Through Jokes
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2008), p. 208
Ben Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle: A History of Communism Told Through Jokes
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2008), p. 208
7
The original Charter can be read at the Open Society Archive in Budapest
The original Charter can be read at the Open Society Archive in Budapest
9
Dobrynin, pp. 191-3
Dobrynin, pp. 191-3
10
In conversation with the author, Budapest, December 1989
In conversation with the author, Budapest, December 1989
11
Interview in Cold War files at CWIHP
Interview in Cold War files at CWIHP
14
Ibid.
Ibid.
15
Keane, p. 134
Keane, p. 134
17
In conversation with the author, Warsaw, 1995, and quoted in Stokes,
The Walls Came Tumbling Down
, p. 125
In conversation with the author, Warsaw, 1995, and quoted in Stokes,
The Walls Came Tumbling Down
, p. 125
18
Vaculík, p. 14
Vaculík, p. 14
20
Gáspár M. Tamás,
From Liberal Values to Democratic Transition
(Central University Press, Budapest, 2003), p. 78
Gáspár M. Tamás,
From Liberal Values to Democratic Transition
(Central University Press, Budapest, 2003), p. 78
25
Ibid., p. 245
Ibid., p. 245
26
Zubok, p. 338
Zubok, p. 338
EIGHT: ABLE ARCHER
1
Background on Yuri Andropov from Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepi- kova,
Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin
(Robert Hale, London, 1984); Sergei Semanov,
Andropov: 7 tain genseka s Lubianki
(Veche, Moscow, 2001) and Zhores Medvedev,
Andropov
(Oxford University Press, 1983)
Background on Yuri Andropov from Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepi- kova,
Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin
(Robert Hale, London, 1984); Sergei Semanov,
Andropov: 7 tain genseka s Lubianki
(Veche, Moscow, 2001) and Zhores Medvedev,
Andropov
(Oxford University Press, 1983)
2
Dobbs, pp. 95-100
Dobbs, pp. 95-100
3
Zubok, p. 278
Zubok, p. 278
5
Ibid., p. 226
Ibid., p. 226
6
Ibid., p. 235
Ibid., p. 235
7
Aleksandrov-Argentov, p. 178
Aleksandrov-Argentov, p. 178
9
Interview with Osipovich, Cold War series, LHCMA box 18
Interview with Osipovich, Cold War series, LHCMA box 18
10
Ibid. and Dobbs, pp. 101-9
Ibid. and Dobbs, pp. 101-9
11
Dobbs, p. 107
Dobbs, p. 107
12
Interview with Tarasenko, March 1999, OHCW
Interview with Tarasenko, March 1999, OHCW
13
Dobbs, p. 109
Dobbs, p. 109
14
Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, RTsKhIDNI. Politburo minutes for 2 September 1983, f3, op. 73, d 1152, 112-13.
Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, RTsKhIDNI. Politburo minutes for 2 September 1983, f3, op. 73, d 1152, 112-13.
16
Volkogonov, pp. 360-67, and Zubok, pp. 264-6
Volkogonov, pp. 360-67, and Zubok, pp. 264-6
17
Melvyn Leffler,
For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War
(Hill & Wang, New York, 2008), pp. 324-31
Melvyn Leffler,
For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War
(Hill & Wang, New York, 2008), pp. 324-31
19
Ibid.
Ibid.
20
Author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
Author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
NINE: AMERICA’S LEADING DOVE
2
Dobrynin, p. 368
Dobrynin, p. 368
4
Jack Matlock,
Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended
(Random House, New York, 2005), pp. 177-80
Jack Matlock,
Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended
(Random House, New York, 2005), pp. 177-80
5
Weiner, p. 326
Weiner, p. 326
6
Ronald Reagan Library, Simi Valley, California, correspondence with Soviet leaders file.
Ronald Reagan Library, Simi Valley, California, correspondence with Soviet leaders file.
TEN: A PYRRHIC VICTORY
1
See Boyes, pp. 178-82
See Boyes, pp. 178-82
2
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Weiner, pp. 340-47
Weiner, pp. 340-47
7
Background on Father Jerzy Popiełuszko in Grazyna Sikorska,
A Martyr for the Truth
(Collins, London, 1985); Davies,
God’s Playground
; and Kevin Ruane,
To Kill a Priest
(Gibson Square, London, 2004)
Background on Father Jerzy Popiełuszko in Grazyna Sikorska,
A Martyr for the Truth
(Collins, London, 1985); Davies,
God’s Playground
; and Kevin Ruane,
To Kill a Priest
(Gibson Square, London, 2004)
8
Boyes, pp. 240-46
Boyes, pp. 240-46
ELEVEN: THE NEW TSAR
2
Kaiser, pp. 66-70
Kaiser, pp. 66-70
3
Anatoli Chernyaev diary at CWIHP, March 1985 and
She’s lets Gor- bachevym
(Progress, Moscow, 1993) (
My Six Years with Gorbachev
, Pennsylvania University Press, 2000), p. 62
Anatoli Chernyaev diary at CWIHP, March 1985 and
She’s lets Gor- bachevym
(Progress, Moscow, 1993) (
My Six Years with Gorbachev
, Pennsylvania University Press, 2000), p. 62
4
Ryzhkov, pp. 88-90
Ryzhkov, pp. 88-90
6
Chernyaev diary, and in conversation with the author, Moscow, December 1993.
Chernyaev diary, and in conversation with the author, Moscow, December 1993.
8
Background on Mikhail Gorbachev from Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, (Doubleday, New York, 1996); Zhores Medvedev,
Gorbachev
; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson,
Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin
(Viking, New York, 1990); Larisa Vasil’eva,
Kremlin Wives
(Arcade, New York, 1993) and Volkogonov
Background on Mikhail Gorbachev from Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
, (Doubleday, New York, 1996); Zhores Medvedev,
Gorbachev
; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson,
Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin
(Viking, New York, 1990); Larisa Vasil’eva,
Kremlin Wives
(Arcade, New York, 1993) and Volkogonov
10
Lord Powell to the author, in a fascinating conversation on the Thatcher/Gorbachev relationship, May 2007
Lord Powell to the author, in a fascinating conversation on the Thatcher/Gorbachev relationship, May 2007
11
Grachev, pp. 64-8
Grachev, pp. 64-8
12
Zubok, p. 366, and Bush and Scowcroft, p. 197
Zubok, p. 366, and Bush and Scowcroft, p. 197
13
Jaruzelski, p. 276
Jaruzelski, p. 276
TWELVE: THE SWORD AND SHIELD
1
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
2
The extensive files on Wolf Biermann - along with millions of others are kept by the BStU, Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Repu blik (The Office for Preserving East German State Security files) in Berlin
The extensive files on Wolf Biermann - along with millions of others are kept by the BStU, Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Repu blik (The Office for Preserving East German State Security files) in Berlin
3
Ulrike Poppe interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 15
Ulrike Poppe interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 15
5
Cold War series, LHCMA box 16
Cold War series, LHCMA box 16
7
Peter Siebenmorgen,
Staatssicherheit der DDR
(Bouvier Verlag, Bonn, 1993) and Stasi document collection, ‘
Ich Liebe euch doche alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des MfS, Januar-November 1989
, ed. Armin Mitter and Stefan Wolle (BasisDruck, Berlin, 1989)
Peter Siebenmorgen,
Staatssicherheit der DDR
(Bouvier Verlag, Bonn, 1993) and Stasi document collection, ‘
Ich Liebe euch doche alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des MfS, Januar-November 1989
, ed. Armin Mitter and Stefan Wolle (BasisDruck, Berlin, 1989)
9
Background on Honecker from Pötzl, McElvoy,
The Saddled Cow
, Gunter Schabowski,
Der Absturz
(Rowholt, Berlin, 1991) and Ed Stuhler,
Margot Honecker: Eine Biographie
(Ueberreuter, Vienna, 2003)
Background on Honecker from Pötzl, McElvoy,
The Saddled Cow
, Gunter Schabowski,
Der Absturz
(Rowholt, Berlin, 1991) and Ed Stuhler,
Margot Honecker: Eine Biographie
(Ueberreuter, Vienna, 2003)
10
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 167
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 167
11
Partos, p. 126
Partos, p. 126
12
Background on Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski from Pryce-Jones; Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski,
Deutsch-deutsche Erinnerungen
(Rowholt, Berlin, 2001); and Frederick Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
(Bloomsbury, London, 2006)
Background on Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski from Pryce-Jones; Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski,
Deutsch-deutsche Erinnerungen
(Rowholt, Berlin, 2001); and Frederick Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
(Bloomsbury, London, 2006)
THIRTEEN: LENIN’S APOSTLE
2
Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW, and Volkogonov, pp. 349-52
Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW, and Volkogonov, pp. 349-52
3
For the press and media in the USSR under Gorbachev, see Vitali Korotich and Cathy Porter,
The New Soviet Journalism
(Beacon Press, Boston, 1991); Pryce-Jones, and Remnick
For the press and media in the USSR under Gorbachev, see Vitali Korotich and Cathy Porter,
The New Soviet Journalism
(Beacon Press, Boston, 1991); Pryce-Jones, and Remnick
5
Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
7
Quoted in Zubok, p. 278
Quoted in Zubok, p. 278
8
Background on Yakovlev from his books
Striving for Law in a Lawless Land
(M.E. Sharpe, New York, 1995) and
The Fate of Marxism in Russia
(Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1993) and Zubok
Background on Yakovlev from his books
Striving for Law in a Lawless Land
(M.E. Sharpe, New York, 1995) and
The Fate of Marxism in Russia
(Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1993) and Zubok
9
Boldin, pp. 138-47
Boldin, pp. 138-47
10
Ibid.
Ibid.
FOURTEEN: SILENT MEMORIES
1
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
2
Sándor Zsindely, in conversation with the author, Budapest, March 2003
Sándor Zsindely, in conversation with the author, Budapest, March 2003
3
János Vargha, speaking at Danube Circle demonstration, 8 February 1986
János Vargha, speaking at Danube Circle demonstration, 8 February 1986
4
Miklós Haraszti, in conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
Miklós Haraszti, in conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
5
For background on János Kádár, see Victor Sebestyen,
Twelve Days
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2006); Tibor Huszar,
János Kádár, Polit ical Életrajza
(
A Political Biography
, Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest, 2005) and Roger Gough,
A Good Comrade
(IB Tauris, London, 2006)
For background on János Kádár, see Victor Sebestyen,
Twelve Days
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2006); Tibor Huszar,
János Kádár, Polit ical Életrajza
(
A Political Biography
, Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest, 2005) and Roger Gough,
A Good Comrade
(IB Tauris, London, 2006)
FIFTEEN: ‘WE CANNOT WIN’
1
Grachev, p. 86
Grachev, p. 86
2
Ibid., p. 90
Ibid., p. 90
3
Chernyaev diary in archive at GF and at CWIHP
Chernyaev diary in archive at GF and at CWIHP
4
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Grachev, p. 96
Grachev, p. 96
6
For background on Eduard Shevardnadze, see Shevardnadze; Dobbs; Carolyn Eke Dahl and Melvyn Goodman,
The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997)
For background on Eduard Shevardnadze, see Shevardnadze; Dobbs; Carolyn Eke Dahl and Melvyn Goodman,
The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997)
8
Shevardnadze interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 4
Shevardnadze interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 4
10
Interview with Tarasenko, OHCW
Interview with Tarasenko, OHCW
11
Chernyaev diary, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, CWIHP
12
Transcript of Geneva Summit 1985 at USNSA, Cold War collection
Transcript of Geneva Summit 1985 at USNSA, Cold War collection
13
Zubok, pp. 256-60, and Grachev, pp. 134-60
Zubok, pp. 256-60, and Grachev, pp. 134-60
14
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
SIXTEEN: ‘ LETTHEM HATE’
3
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
7
For background on Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, see Pavel Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’; Vladimir Tismaneanu,
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
(University of California Press, 2003); Ion Pacepa,
Red Horizon: The True Story of Nicolae Ceauescu’s Crimes
; Behr; and Daniel Cheroot,
Modern Tyrants
(Princeton University Press, 1996)
For background on Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, see Pavel Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’; Vladimir Tismaneanu,
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
(University of California Press, 2003); Ion Pacepa,
Red Horizon: The True Story of Nicolae Ceauescu’s Crimes
; Behr; and Daniel Cheroot,
Modern Tyrants
(Princeton University Press, 1996)
9
Ibid.
Ibid.
10
Nicolae Ceausescu, Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman
(Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983), preface
Nicolae Ceausescu, Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman
(Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983), preface
11
Quoted in Behr, p. 136
Quoted in Behr, p. 136
12
Ibid., p. 148
Ibid., p. 148
13
For background on the Ceauescu children, see Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’
For background on the Ceauescu children, see Câmpeanu, ‘The Revolt of the Romanians’
14
Gail Kligman,
The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceau- escu’s Romania
(University of California Press, 1998)
Gail Kligman,
The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceau- escu’s Romania
(University of California Press, 1998)
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