Rebels at the Gate: Lee and McClellan on the Front Line of a Nation Divided (49 page)

9. Withers,
Chronicles of Border Warfare
, 209–14, 365; Callahan,
History of West Virginia, Old and New
, 252.

10. Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 68.

11. Couper,
Claudius Crozet
, 34, 66; Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 91–109; Carnes,
Centennial History of the Philippi Covered Bridge
, 48–56. Claudius Crozet, born in 1789, served as a French officer of artillery under Napoleon Bonaparte and immigrated to America in 1816. He promptly secured an appointment as professor of engineering at the U.S. Military Academy. Building the West Point program almost from scratch, Crozet left in 1823 to become “principal engineer” of Virginia.

12. Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 110–25; Summers,
The Baltimore and Ohio
, 18–19.

13. Moore,
A Banner in the Hills
, 2–4, 13–15; Willey,
An Inside View
, 7 ; Callahan,
History of West Virginia
,
Old and New
, 256.

14. Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 77; Moore,
A Banner in the Hills
, 2; Callahan,
History of West Virginia, Old and New
, 247; Siviter,
Recollections of War and Peace
, 84–87.

15. Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 126–28, 129n; Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
, 51.

16. Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 130–34; Hall,
The Rending of Virginia
, 34;
Wheeling Gazette
, April 6, 1830 in Rice and Brown,
West Virginia
, 96.

17. Drewry,
The Southampton Insurrection
, 26–28; Ambler,
Sectionalism in Virginia
, 185, 191, 199; Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History
, 136–38.

18. Ibid., 138–39; Lewis,
History of West Virginia
, 307–18.

19. Cox,
Military Reminiscences of the Civil War
, vol. 1, 9; McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 20.

20. McClellan,
Report on the Organization and Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac
, 6; Hall,
The Rending of Virginia
, 597;
Cox, Military Reminiscences
, vol. 1, 7.

21. Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 32; Sears,
George B. McClellan
, 66; McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 40–41.

22. Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, vol. 1, 8–9; Sears,
George B. McClellan
, 68; McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 41; Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 275.

23. Sears,
George B. McClellan
, 2–4, 7–8, 12–13.

24. Ibid., 14–15, 21–22.

25. Ibid., 18, 23–24.

26. Ibid., 29, 33, 27, 44, 47–48.

27. Ibid., 51, 58–59, 63–66; Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 278.

28. McClellan,
Report on the Organization
, 6; U.S. War Department,
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
. ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 1, 333–34 (Hereafter, this multivolume work will be cited as
O. R
. Unless specified, all references are to Series I); McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 42–43.

29. Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, vol. 1, 10; Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 33; Sears,
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 10.

30. McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 39, 42;
O. R
. ser. 3, pt. 1, 101; McClellan,
Report on the Organization
, 6–7;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 370.

31. Ibid., 371; Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, vol. 1, 22–23.

32.
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 338–39, 369–70; Sears,
Civil War Papers of George McClellan
, 75.

33. McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 42, 44, 46;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 334, 339–40, 342–43, 373–74, 376, 384; Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 36.

34. Sears,
Civil War Papers of George McClellan
, 19;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 377, 379; McClellan,
McClellan's Own Story
, 47; Sears,
George B. McClellan
, 73.

35. Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, vol. 1, 19;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 371;
Pinkerton, The Spy of the Rebellion
, vol. 1., 140–41.

36. McClellan,
Report on the Organization
, 11;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 375, 381.

37. Lang,
Loyal West Virginia
, 9, 137; Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 45–46.

38. McClellan,
Report on the Organization
, 9; Reader,
History of the Fifth West Virginia Cavalry
, 28;
O. R
. vol. 2, 630; G.M. Hagans to G.B. McClellan, May 13, 1861, McClellan Papers, in Summers,
The Baltimore and Ohio
, 70.

39. Reid,
Ohio in the War
, vol. 1, 33, 46–47; Sears,
Civil War Papers of George McClellan
, 24.

40.
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 1, 377–78.

41. Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 119; Curry,
A House Divided
, 28–29.

42. Willey,
An Inside View of the Formation of West Virginia
, 38–39; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 124, 520.

43. Willey,
An Inside view
, 207–10; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 161, 575–77; Dayton, “Address of Honorable Alston Gordon Dayton,” 50.

44. Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
, 75; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 126;
Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
, February 4, 1861 in Curry,
A House Divided
, 29–30.

45. Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 151, 183, 522–23.

46. Ibid., 183; Willey,
An Inside View
, 42–43.

47. McGregor,
The Disruption of Virginia
, 176; Siviter,
Recollections of War and Peace
, 45–46, 49; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 182–83, 523–24, 528–29.

48. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 15–18, 30–31n; McGregor,
Disruption of Virginia
, 182–84.

49. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 32–34.

50. Cometti and Summers, ed.
The 35
^th
State
, 297–98;
The Parkersburg Gazette
, April 25, 1861 in McGregor,
Disruption of Virginia
, 186n.

51. McGregor,
Disruption
, 192; Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 35; Maxwell,
History of Barbour County
, 245–46.

52. McGregor,
Disruption
, 187–88.

53. Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 231–34; Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 35–41. McGregor, in
Disruption
192–93, notes that more than one-third of the delegates were from the district immediately around Wheeling, greatly deceiving reporters as to the mixed sentiments in Western Virginia.

54. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 44.

55. Ibid., 48–49.

56. Ibid., 50–51.

57. Willey,
An Inside View
, 181, 188–93; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 563–64, Ambler,
Waitman Thomas Willey
, 1, 4–5. In nineteenth century America, the Whig party opposed Democrats by advocating protection of industry and limited government power.

58. Willey,
An Inside View
, 64.

59. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 55, 57–58.

60. Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
, 3–4, 8–9.

61. Ibid., 17, 28–29, 34, 36–37, 42, 59–60. Originally spelling his name “Pierpoint,” Frank Pierpont became convinced of an old family error and changed the spelling in 1881.

62. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 59–60.

63. Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 272–73.

64. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 62–66.

65. Ambler,
Waitman Thomas Willey
, 49.

66. Lewis,
How West Virginia Was Made
, 66–71; Hall,
Rending of Virginia
, 270.

67. Dowdey and Manarin,
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 10.

68. Lee, Jr.,
Recollections and Letters of General Lee
, 27–28.

69.
Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
, November 2, 1861; Warner,
Generals In Blue
, 429–31; Thomas,
Robert E. Lee
, 110.

70. Freeman,
Lee
, vol. 1, 294, 636–37. For Freeman's discussion of the accuracy of this exchange, see 437n.

71. Ibid., 437.

72. Lee, Jr.,
Recollections and Letters
, 26–27; Freeman,
Lee
, vol.1, 372, 421, 440; Nagel,
The Lees of Virginia
, 5.

73. Lee, Jr.,
Recollections and Letters
, 24–25.

74.
The Alexandria Gazette
, April 20, 1861 in Freeman,
Lee
, vol. 1, 445.

75. Ibid., 449–50.

76. Ibid., 2, 9, 463–64; Nagel,
The Lees of Virginia
, 161, 166, 182.

77. Freeman,
Lee
, vol. 1, 466–67; Lee, Jr.,
Recollections and Letters
, 28;
O . R
. ser. 1, vol. 2, 775–76.

78. Freeman,
Lee
, vol.1, 474, 489; Dowdey and Manarin,
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 12;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 2, 37, 77, 88; Taylor,
Four Years with General Lee
, 11.

79. Dowdey and Manarin,
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 12–13.

80. Warner,
Generals In Gray
, 179, 184; Dowdey and Manarin,
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 15.

81. Taylor,
Four Years with General Lee
, 11–12.

82. Freeman,
Lee
, vol. 1, 478.

83.
O. R
. vol. 2, 784, 792, 797–98, 827;
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 2, 55–56; Taylor,
Four Years with General Lee
, 11; Dowdey and Manarin,
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 50–52; Freeman,
Lee
, vol. 1, 478–79.

84. Robertson,
Stonewall Jackson
, 1, 29, 108;
O. R
. vol. 2, 810, 814, 833.

85.
O. R
. vol. 51, pt. 2, 21, 31–32; Summers,
The Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War
, 17–18, 56; Callahan,
Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia
, 120;
O. R
. vol. 2, 790–91.

86. Ibid., 788, 827.

87. Ibid., 802–03, 830, 837–38, 840, 843, 848, 855–57, 884; Armstrong,
25
^th
Virginia Infantry
, 219.

88.
O. R
. vol. 2, 874.

89. Hall,
Diary of a Confederate Soldier
, 11.

90. Robson,
How a One-Legged Rebel Lives
, 9, 14; Toney,
Privations of a Private
, 13; Watkins, “
Company Aytch
,” 48.

91. Cammack,
Personal Recollections
, 5–7; Toney,
Privations
, 12–13; Hermann,
Memoirs of a Volunteer
, 8–10.