Pillar of Fire (138 page)
Authors: Taylor Branch
Katzenbach announced:
Hattiesburg American
, Jan. 11, 1966, p. 1.
Johnson sent a telegram: LBJ to Mrs. Vernon Dahmer, 11:40
A.M.
Jan. 11, 1966, Name File, LBJ.
“We all know”: Parker,
Black Votes Count
, p. 47.
fn Thirteen state election laws: Ibid., pp. 37-39.
“I am very sorry”: Affidavit of Devours Nix, Feb. 14, 1966, cited in Dillard,
Clearburning
, p. 182.
Bowers had violated an agreement: Statement to FBI by Lawrence Byrd, March 2, 1966, reprinted in Ibid., pp. 310-32; int. J. L. Martin, June 21, 1992.
Supreme Court had reinstated: SAC, Washington to Director, March 28, 1966, enclosing opinion written by Justice Potter Stewart in Case #65 Appellate,
U.S. vs. Herbert Guest et al
., FLP-398; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 219-20, 258; Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, pp. 441-42.
“quite enthusiastic”: DeLoach to Tolson, March 30, 1966, FLP-NR; Rosen to DeLoach, March 30, 1966, FLP-399.
defendants won acquittal: Rosen to DeLoach, June 16, 1966, FLP-475; Interesting Case Memorandum dated Nov. 1, 1968, pp. 13-14, FLP-NR.
“Sims went to Athens”: SAC, Atlanta to Director, May 5, 1966, FLP-405; SAC, Atlanta to Director, May 12, 1966, FLP-421.
began serving the maximum: Interesting Case Memorandum dated Nov. 1, 1968, pp. 13-14, FLP-NR.
invalid for lack of black people: NYT, Feb. 21, 1967; Feb. 28, 1967, p. 40; March 1, 1967, p. 1.
Jackson's Temple Beth Israel: Nelson,
Terror
, pp. 29-32.
Price was confident: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 445.
the Meridian courtroom: Ibid., pp. 445-52; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 260-84.
November, bombs damaged: Ibid., pp. 65, 69-70.
constable who spot-checked: Nelson,
Terror
, pp. 79-80.
confession of Billy Roy Pitts: Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 252-55. Aside from Pitts, Delmar Dennis, and Lawrence Byrd, Klan witnesses against Sam Bowers in the Dahmer case included T. Weber Rogers, who testified that he heard Bowers order the Dahmer murder. NYT, Jan. 23, 1969, p. 21.
Charles Wilson: Ibid., pp. 256-57; int. Charles Wilson, June 24, 1992.
grand jury indicted eleven:
Hattiesburg American
, Jan. 25, 1968, p. 1;
Time
, April 8, 1966, p. 27; NYT, Jan. 26, 1968, p. 17.
murder convictions at three trials: Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 302-3; NYT, March 16, 1968, p. 17; July 20, 1968, p. 25; July 29, 1968, p. 18; Feb. 1, 1969.
fight or show chicken: Int. James Dukes, June 23, 1992.
jury deadlocked 11-1:
Hattiesburg American
, May 18, 1968, p. 1. In 1995, three former jurors stated that all twelve jurors voted “guilty” out loud, but that one juror consistently changed to “not guilty” on secret ballots. NYT, April 2, 1995, p. 18.
Bowers survived a second: NYT, Jan. 26, 1969, p. 1.
“Pitts âSings Again'”:
Hattiesburg American
, May 1, 1969, p. 1. Also, “Doctor Brings New Angle into Wilson Murder Trial/Says he believes state witness Pitts has a disease which would make him over-react,”
Hattiesburg American
, July 27, 1968, p. 1.
secretly poisoned Dahmer: Int. J. L. Martin, June 23, 1992.
burned a store: Nelson,
Terror
, p. 106.
in May bombed: Ibid., pp. 120-24.
gravely wounded Thomas Tarrants: Ibid., pp. 17-22, 173-87; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, pp. 285-301. The shootout occurred when the waiting law enforcement team tried to arrest Tarrants and Ainsworth at the home targeted to be bombed. A policeman was shot in the heart, a bystander in the liver. Both survived.
Jack Nelson: Nelson,
Terror
, pp. 147-56, 189, 239-40. Nelson raised questions beyond the competency of the law enforcement work at the scene, including borderline entrapment and improper use of privately raised informant money. He quoted an FBI agent's statement that the Bureau responded more aggressively when the White Knights of the Klan began to target white victims: “Once the Jews were attacked, it was a different ball game. This wasn't just a local across-the-tracks case. It involved the whole United States.” Other issues include the necessity, irony, or squalor of dealing with Alton Wayne Roberts (and his brother) after his conviction in the Neshoba County murders. Confessions and court testimony named him as the Klansman who took initiative to fire four of the five bullets that killed Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.
five-year toll: Marsh,
God's Long Summer
, p. 49; Nelson,
Terror
, pp. 11-13.
Charles Wilson served: NYT, Dec. 24, 1972.
paroled in 1978: Int. Dennis Dahmer, Nov. 14, 1997.
“When a priest sees”: Charles Marsh, “Rendezvous with the Wizard,”
Oxford American
, October-November 1996, p. 31.
Ellie Dahmer petitioned: NYT, May 27, 1994, p. B18; April 2, 1995, p. 18; int. Dennis Dahmer, Nov. 13, 1997.
drifted from Mississippi: Int. Bob Moses, Aug. 10, 1983.
Bevel sleeping in a bathtub: Int. Jean and Sullivan Jackson, May 27, 1990.
“I felt like I was praying”: Int. Susannah Heschel, Nov. 15, 1990; int. Sylvia Heschel, Feb. 4, 1991.
drinking corn whiskey: Int. June Johnson, April 9, 1992.
“Use Mississippi not”: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 439.
“Now I looked”: Petras, ed.,
We Accuse
, p. 151.
“sought out Al Lowenstein”: Int. Bob Moses, July 30, 1984.
“Lowenstein brought Parris”: Ibid. Also Chafe,
Never Stop Running
, pp. 218-20.
“I got angry”: Int. Bob Moses, July 31, 1984.
“declare peace”: Dellinger,
From Yale to Jail
, pp. 208-15.
conference in New Orleans: Int. Bob Moses, July 30, 1984.
safe to become Moses: Int. Bob Moses, July 31, 1984.
marriage collapsed: Ibid. Also, Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, pp. 218-20.
fled underground to Canada: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, pp. 452-53.
adopted by the children as “Uncle Bob”: Int. Bob Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
Moses panicked: Ibid.
granted him tacit asylum: Ibid.
feared he was dead: Int. Doris Moses, Jan. 8, 1993.
Moses told himself: Int. Bob Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
Rauh wrote: Int. Joseph Rauh, Oct. 17, 1983.
Moses did not reply: Int. Bob Moses, Feb. 15, 1991.
“I felt that way”: Remarks of Diane Nash, Session 2, Trinity College SNCC Conference, 1988.
Algebra Project: Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 432; “Mississippi Learning,”
The New York Times Magazine
, Feb. 21, 1993, pp. 28-72.
Abram, Morris B.
The Day Is Short: An Autobiography
. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Ahmann, Mathew.
Race: Challenge to Religion
. Henry Regnery Co., 1963.
Allen, Frederick.
Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World
. HarperBusiness, 1994.
Allen, Ivan Jr., with Paul Hemphill.
Mayor: Notes on the Sixties
. Simon & Schuster, 1971.
Ambrose, Stephen E.
Eisenhower. The President
. Simon & Schuster, 1984.
ââ.
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, 1973-1990. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Barboza, Steven.
American Jihad: Islam after Malcolm X
. Doubleday, 1994.
Bass, Jack.
Unlikely Heroes
. Simon & Schuster, 1981.
Bea, Augustin Cardinal.
The Church and the Jewish People
. Harper & Row, 1966.
Belfrage, Sally.
Freedom Summer
. Fawcett, 1966.
Bontemps, Arna, and Jack Conroy.
Anyplace But Here
. Hill and Wang, 1966.
Bradlee, Benjamin C.
A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures
. Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Branch, Taylor.
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years
, 1954-63. Simon & Schuster, 1988.
Breitman, George.
The Last Year of Malcolm X
. Pathfinder Press, 1967.
ââ, ed.
Malcolm X Speaks
. Grove Press, 1965.
Bullard, Sara.
Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle
. Oxford University Press, 1993.
Burner, Eric R.
And Gently He Shall Lead Them: Robert Parris Moses and Civil Rights in Mississippi
. New York University Press, 1994.
Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray.
We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi
. Macmillan, 1988.
Califano, Joseph A., Jr.
The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Cannon, Lou.
Reagan
. Putnam, 1982.
ââ.
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Caro, Robert A.
The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power
. Alfred A. Knopf, 1982.
ââ.
The Means of Ascent
. Alfred A. Knopf, 1990.
Carson, Clayborne.
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
. Harvard University Press, 1981.
Carter, Dan T.
The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics
. Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Chafe, William H.
Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism
. Basic Books, 1993.
Chestnut, J. L., Jr., and Julia Cass.
Black in Selma
. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1990.
[Church Committee]. U.S. Senate.
Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities
. Vol. 6. Nov. 18, 19; Dec. 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 1975. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
ââ.
Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities
. April 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
Clark, Septima.
Echo in My Soul
. Dutton, 1962.
ââ.
Ready from Within: A First Person Narrative
. Edited with an introduction by Cynthia Stokes Brown. Trenton, N.J. Africa World Press, 1990.
Clark, Steve, ed.
Malcolm X: February 1965, The Final Speeches
. Pathfinder Press, 1992.
Clegg, Claude Andrew III.
An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad
. St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Clifford, Clark, with Richard Holbrooke.
Counsel to the President: A Memoir
. Random House, 1991.
COFO (Council of Federated Organizations).
Mississippi Black Power
. Random House, 1965.
Cohodas, Nadine.
Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change
. Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Colburn, David R.
Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine
. Columbia University Press, 1985.
Cole, Barry.
The Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience
. Addison-Wesley Co., 1978.
Coleman, Emmett.
Adam Clayton Powell
. Bee-Line Books, 1967.
Cone, James H.
Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare
. Orbis Books, 1991.
Cook, Jeannine, ed.
Columbus and the Land of Allyon: The Exploration & Settlement of the Southeast
. Lower Altamaha Historical Society, 1992.
Cosman, Bernard, and Robert J. Huckshorn, eds.
Republican Politics: The 1964 Campaign and Its Aftermath
. Praeger, 1968.
Cunningham, W.J.
Agony at Galloway: One Church's Struggle with Social Change
. University Press of Mississippi, 1980.
Dallek, Robert.
Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and his Times
, 1908-1960. Oxford University Press, 1991.
Dates, Jannette L., ed., and William Barlow, co-ed.
Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media
. Howard University Press, 1990.
Deay, Davin, with Mary Neely.
Stairway to Heaven: The Spiritual Roots of Rock 'n' Roll
. Ballantine/Epiphany, 1986.
Dellinger, David.
From Yale to Jail: The Life Story of a Moral Dissenter
. Pantheon, 1993.
Dillard, W. O. Chet.
Clear Burning
. Persimmon Press, 1992.
Dittmer, John.
Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi
. University of Illinois Press, 1994.
Du Bois, W. E. B.
The Souls of Black Folk
. New American Library, 1969.
Dugger, Ronnie.
The Politician
. Norton, 1982.
Durr, Virginia Foster.
Outside the Magic Circle
. University of Alabama Press, 1985.
Edwards, Lee.
Reagan. A Political Biography
. Viewpoint Books, 1967.
ââ.
Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution
. Regnery, 1995.
Eisler, Kim Isaac.
A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions That Transformed America
. Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Evans, Sara.
Personal Politics
. Vintage, 1980.
Evers, Mrs. Medgar.
For Us, the Living
. Doubleday, 1967.
Fager, Charles E.
Selma 1965
. Beacon Press, 1985.
Fairclough, Adam.
To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr
. University of Georgia Press, 1987.
Farmer, James.
FreedomâWhen?
Random House, 1965.
ââ.
Lay Bare the Heart
. Arbor House, 1985.
Findlay, James F., Jr.
Church People in the Struggle: The National Council of Churches and the Black Freedom Movement, 1950-1970
. Oxford University Press, 1993.
Forman, James.
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
. Macmillan, 1972.
Gallen, David, et al.
Malcolm X As They Knew Him
. Carroll & Graf, 1992.
Gannon, Michael V.
Florida: A Short History
. University of Florida Press, 1993.
Garrow, David.
Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
. Yale University Press, 1978.
ââ.
The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr
. W. W. Norton, 1981.
ââ.
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
. William Morrow, 1986.
ââ, ed.
Birmingham, Alabama, 1956-1963: The Black Struggle for Civil Rights
. Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1989.
ââ, ed.
St. Augustine, Florida, 1963-1964: Mass Protest and Racial Violence
. Carlson Publishing, 1989.
Gentile, Thomas.
March on Washington: August 28, 1963
. Dew Day Publications, Inc. 1983.
Gentry, Curt. J.
Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets
. W. W. Norton, 1991.
Gilbert, Arthur.
The Vatican Council and the Jews
. The World Publishing Co., 1968.
Goldman, Peter.
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
. University of Illinois Press, 2nd, 1979.
Good, Paul.
The Trouble I've Seen: White Journalist/Black Movement
. Howard University Press, 1975.
Graham, Hugh Davis.
The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy
. Oxford University Press, 1990.
Grant, Joanne.
Black Protest: History, Documents and Analysis, 1619 to the Present
. Fawcett World Library, 1968.
Gravel, Mike, ed.
The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam
. Beacon Press, 1972.
Greene, Melissa Fay.
The Temple Bombing
. Addison-Wesley, 1996.
Guralnick, Peter.
Sweet Soul Music
. Harper & Row, 1986.
Guthman, Edwin.
We Band of Brothers
. Harper & Row, 1971.
Halberstam, David.
October 1964
. Villard Books, 1994.
Haldeman, H. R.
The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House
. Putnam, 1994.
Hamilton, Charles V.
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Political Biography of an American Dilemma
. Atheneum, 1991.
Hampton, Henry, and Steve Fayer.
Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s
. Bantam, 1991.
Harris, David.
Dreams Die Hard
. St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Harrison, Cynthia.
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945-1968
. University of California Press, 1988.
Hauser, Thomas.
Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times
. Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Heirich, Max.
The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964
. Columbia University Press, 1968.
Heschel, Abraham J.
The Earth is the Lord's
. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1949.
ââ.
The Insecurity of Freedom
. Schocken Books, Inc., 1959.
ââ.
Who Is Man?
Stanford University Press, 1965.
ââ.
Israel: An Echo of Eternity
. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1967.
ââ.
The Prophets
. 2 vols. Harper & Row, 1969.
Hoffman, Paul E.
A New Andalucia and a Way to the Orient
. Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
Holmes, Thomas J., and Gainer E. Bryan, Jr.
Ashes for Breakfast: A Diary of Racism in an American Church
. The Judson Press, 1969.
Holt, Len.
The Summer That Didn't End
. Heinemann (London), 1966.
Huie, William Bradford.
3 Lives for Mississippi
. Signet, 1968.
Humphrey, Hubert H., edited by Norman Sherman.
The Education of a Public Man
. Doubleday, 1976.