Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (92 page)

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Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built Environment
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Zarcone, Thierry. “Freemasonry and Related Trends in Muslim Reformist Thought in the Turko-Persian Area.” Unpublished article.

—.
Mystiques, philosophes et Francs-maçons en Islam: Riza Tevfik, penseur Ottoman (1868–1949)
(Mystics, Philosophers, and Freemasons in Islam: Riza Tevfik, Ottoman Thinker). Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Jean Maisonneuve, 1993.

Zecharia, Shabtai.
Jerusalem Neighborhoods: Jaffa Road, Buildings and Sites
(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Shabtai Zecharia, 1998.

Zürcher, Erik Jan. “Between Death and Desertion: The Experience of the Ottoman Soldiers in World War I.”
Turcica
28 (1996): 235–58.

Index

Italic page numbers refer to material in illustrations and tables.

‘Abd al-Hadi, Amin,
143

‘Abd al-Hadi family,
240
,
303n2

‘Abd al-Hadi, Ibrahim al-Qasim,
95

‘Abduh, Shaykh Muhammad,
70

Abdülhamid II (Sultan),
24
-
26
,
49
,
64
,
72
; “Giver of the constitution,”
31
–
32
,
43
-
44
; image of,
38
,
40
-
41
,
43
; legitimacy of,
25
,
43
,
48
; opposition to/criticism of,
24
–
26
,
40
–
41
,
43
–
45
,
48
–
49
,
52
,
74
,
130
,
31
,
201

Abu Khadra', Sa'id,
238
–
40
,
294n79

Adivar, Halide Edib,
26
,
56
,
91
,
133

Administrative Council
(majlis al-idāra)
,
146
,
168
–
69
,
175
,
177
,
180
,
222
,
231

Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din,
46
,
130
–
31
,
183

Aharonowitz, Yosef,
202

Ahmed Riza,
56
,
299n39

‘Akka (Acre),
94
,
96
,
121
,
161
,
237
,
242
,
290n37

Al-'Alami, Faid Allah (Faidi),
86
,
127
,
178
,
233
,
304n29

Aleppo,
67
,
76
,
136
–
37
,
293n64
,
299n43

Ali Suavi,
24

Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU),
46
,
63
,
70
,
84
,
99
,
201
–
2
,
219
,
229
,
296n107
,
298n32
,
299n47
,
303n11

Anderson, Benedict,
64

Antébi, Albert,
83
–
84
,
98
,
119
,
120
,
148
,
153
,
160
,
176
,
179
–
80
,
200
,
218
–
20
,
222
,
274n31
,
278n92
,
284n49
,
287n117
,
290nn33
,
40
,
292n58
,
301nn87
,
89
,
302n93

Anglo-Palestine Bank (APB),
179
–
80
,
219
,
292nn53
,
58

Arabic language,
48
,
51
,
159
,
229
–
30
,
234
,
238
,
240
,
242
,
304n17

Arabism,
125
,
224
,
229
,
231
–
244
; 1913 Paris Congress,
239
–
42
.
See also
Beirut Reform Committee; Decentralization

‘Araktinji, Cesar,
192
–
95
,
240
,
295nn88
,
91
,
100

Armenians,
27
,
59
,
74
–
75
,
80
,
87
,
90
–
92
,
117
,
117
,
123
,
146
,
151
,
199
,
212
,
234
,
240
,
273n122
; ARF/Dashnak,
25
,
91
–
92
,
144
,
233
,
248
; in Palestine,
52
,
104
,
112
,
265
–
66n103
.
See also
Christians;
Dhimmi
; Heterogeneity; Intercommunal rivalry; Non-Muslims

Al-'Asali, Shukri,
235
,
244
,
303n7
,
305n39

Al-'Azm, Rafiq,
36
,
115

Balkans,
8
–
9
,
25
,
70
,
268n9
; 1912–1913 war,
81
,
109
,
144
,
157
–
58
,
162
,
220
–
22
,
242
–
43

Bankruptcy,
25

Al-Baytuni, Shaykh Muhammad Shakir Diab,
50
,
94

Bedel-i askerî
(military exemption tax),
86
,
111
–
12
,
147
,
151
–
52
,
156
,
273n122
,
285n71
.
See also
Military conscription; Ottoman army

Beirut,
1
–
2
,
21
–
22
,
39
,
45
,
58
,
70
,
76
,
79
,
84
,
93
–
95
,
101
,
107
,
114
,
128
–
29
,
195
,
197
,
232
,
244
,
274
–
75n32
,
299n43
,
306n58

Beirut Reform Committee,
236
,
239
.
see also
Arabism

Ben-'Atar, Haim,
158
,
211
,
221
,
230
–
31
,
287n117

Ben-Avi, Itamar,
143
,
203
,
218
,
301n89

Ben-Giat, Alexander and Moshe,
210
–
11

Ben-Yehuda, Eli'ezer,
111
–
12
,
121
,
203
–
4
,
274n24

Bi'r al-Saba' (Be'er Sheva'),
182
,
288nn3
,
6

Boycott, against the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
100
–
109
,
275n5

Brotherhood,
67
–
68
,
74
–
79
,
82
,
86
,
88
–
91
,
127
–
29
,
140
–
41
,
149
–
50
,
154
–
56
,
162
,
185
,
241

Bulgaria,
25
,
100
; Bulgarian nationalism,
26
,
212
,
233
,
239
,
270n45

Burla, Yehuda,
211
–
12

Al-Bustani, Butrus,
67

Al-Bustani, Suleiman,
48
,
74
–
75
,
114
–
15
,
265n88

Cairo,
22
,
25
,
36
,
44
–
45
,
49
,
59
,
68
,
74
–
75
,
80
,
201
,
236
,
241

Capitulations,
62
–
64
,
66
,
73
,
88
–
89
,
103
,
243
,
269n21
.
See also
Foreign citizens

Carasso, Emmanuel,
183
,
211
,
301n71

The Carmel (Al-Karmil)
,
142
–
43
,
150
,
160
–
62
,
222
–
25
,
227
,
236
–
37
,
242
,
281n12
,
282n19
,
287nn110
,
112
.
See also
Press

Chamber of Commerce,
167
,
173
–
74
,
177
–
78
,
180
,
289
–
90n2
,
290nn31
,
33
,
36

Chelouche, Yosef Eliyahu,
164
,
182
,
189
–
90

Christians,
8
–
9
,
67
,
70
–
73
,
88
–
89
,
243
,
257n19
; in Palestine,
12
–
19
,
77
,
83
–
84
,
111
–
12
,
119
,
153
,
155
–
59
,
240
,
267nn117
,
119
. See also Armenians;
Dhimmi;
Greek Orthodox; Heterogeneity; Inter-communal rivalry; Non-Muslims

Citizenship,
64
–
65
,
68
–
69
,
82
–
83
,
88
–
89
,
93
–
95
,
106
,
127
–
29
,
141
–
42
,
167
–
68
,
200
–
201
,
220
–
23
,
238
–
39
,
256n9
; citizenship drives,
111
,
147
; discourses of,
246
–
49
; Ottoman law on,
61
–
64
,
73
,
269n21
; urban,
169
–
72
,
288nn6
,
7
.
See also
Military conscription; Ottoman nation; Parliament, elections

Civic Ottomanism.
See
Ottomanism

Civil society organizations,
95
–
96
,
99
,
107
,
200
–
201
,
225
,
289n18

Colonialism (European),
8
,
25
,
62
,
245
.
See also
Boycott

Commercial Society of Palestine (SCP),
176
–
81

Committee for Union and Progress (CUP),
2
,
26
–
27
,
32
,
40
–
41
,
47
,
55
–
56
,
80
,
82
,
87
,
89
,
91
–
92
,
96
–
97
,
99
,
101
,
105
,
107
,
234
,
242
–
43
,
255
–
56n5
,
267n125
,
274n21
,
281n1
; branches,
1
–
2
,
28
,
95
–
99
,
105
–
7
,
129
,
201
,
274n21
; criticism of,
140
,
232
,
236
–
37
,
239
,
242
, Freemasonry and,
98
–
99
,
293n67
; parliamentary elections and,
114
,
238
; Zionism and,
98
–
99
,
210
,
274nn24
,
31
.
See also
Boycott; Revolution, opposition to; Zionism, lobbying; Zionism, Ottoman government attitude