On Looking: Eleven Walks With Expert Eyes (35 page)

e.g., P. Henderson,
Handbook of Plants and General Horticulture
(New York: Peter Henderson & Company, 1910).

on Central Park:

R. Rosenzweig and E. Blackmar,
The Park and the People: A History of Central Park
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).

on Manhattan schist:

C. Merguerian and C. J. Moss, “Structural Implications of Walloomsac and Hartland Rocks Displayed by Borings in Southern Manhattan,” in G. N. Hanson, ed.,
Thirteenth Annual Conference on Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York,
1996, p. 12.

on expertise:

A. Diderjean and F. Gibet, “Sherlock Holmes—An Expert’s View of Expertise,”
British Journal of Psychology 99
(2008): 109–125.

brains of dancers watching dancers:

B. Calvo-Merino, D. E. Glaser, J. Grèzes, R. E. Passingham, and P. Haggard, “Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: An fMRI Study with Expert Dancers,”
Cerebral Cortex 15
(2005): 1243–1249.

on chessmasters’ recall:

F. Gobet and H. A. Simon, “Recall of Random and Distorted Positions: Implications for the Theory of Expertise,”
Memory & Cognition 24
(1996): 493–503; and P. Chassy and F. Gobet, “Measuring Chess Experts’ Single-Use Sequence Knowledge: An Archival Study of Departure from ‘Theoretical’ Openings,”
PLoS One 6
(2011): e26692.

fusiform face area:

M. Bilalic, R. Langner, R. Ulrich, and W. Grodd, “Many Faces of Expertise: Fusiform Face Area in Chess Experts and Novices,”
Journal of Neuroscience 31
(2011): 10206–10214.

Sacks and prosopagnosia:

O. Sacks,
The Mind’s Eye
(New York: Knopf, 2010).

on schist:

D. C. Roberts,
A Field Guide to Geology—Eastern North America
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001).

geology in NYC:

J. Kiernan,
A Natural History of New York City: A Book for Sidewalk Naturalists Everywhere
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1959).

limestone:

information on limestone and its residents retrieved from
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/powell/613webpage/NYCbuilding/IndianaLimestone/IndianaLimestone.htm
.

children learn a word every two hours:

M. Tomasello,
Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 50; and L. Fenson, et al., “Variability in Early Communicative Development,”
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59
(1994): 1–185.

inscriptions in Pompeii:

W. S. Davis,
Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources
(Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1913).

on lettering:

paulshawletterdesign.com
.

New York City’s architectural style:

N. White, E. Willensky, and F. Leadon,
AIA Guide to New York City
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

hunger to pursue visual stimuli that give us pleasure:

I. Biederman and E. A. Vessel, “Perceptual Pleasure and the Brain,”
American Scientist 94
(2006): 249–255.

pregnant ampersand:

www.aiga.org/lettering-grows-in-brooklyn
.

6-8 Delancey Street:

J. Mendelsohn,
The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: A History and Guide to a Legendary New York Neighborhood
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).

“shoes for abnormal feet”:

Advertisement,
Jewish Frontier,
vol. 18, 1951, p. 43.

locally famous robbery:

H. P. Jeffers,
Commissioner Roosevelt: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt and the New York City Police, 1895–1897
(New York: Wiley, 1996).

“disorderly house”:

Report of the Special Committee of the Assembly Appointed to Investigate the Public Offices and Departments of the City of New York and of the Counties Therein Included,
vol. 2 (Albany, NY: James B. Lyon, 1900), p. 2002; and R. Zacks,
Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt’s Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York
(New York: Doubleday, 2012).

Tetris study:

R. Stickgold, A. Malia, D. Maguire, et al., “Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics,”
Science 290
(2000): 350–353.

“if you’re ever bored or blue”:

M. Kalman,
The Principles of Uncertainty
(New York: Penguin, 2007).

“no two human Umwelten are the same”:

J. von Uexküll, “A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men,” in C. H. Schiller, ed.,
Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept
(New York: International Universities Press, 1934/1957), pp. 5–80.

“nude, shamed look”:

A. Kazin,
A Walker in the City
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1951), p. 78.

personal space:

H. Hediger,
Wild Animals in Captivity
(London: Butterworth, 1950).

judgments about people:

M. Bar, M. Neta, and H. Linz, “Very First Impressions,”
Emotion 6
(2006): 269–278.

sclera and width-height ratio of eye:

H. Kobayashi and S. Kohshima, “Unique Morphology of the Human Eye,”
Nature 387
(1997): 767–768.

neurobiology of vision:

N. J. Emery, “The Eyes Have It: The Neuroethology, Function and Evolution of Social Gaze,”
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24
(2000): 581–604.

neuropsychology of attention:

R. Datta and E. A. DeYoe, “I Know Where You Are Secretly Attending! The Topography of Human Visual Attention Revealed with fMRI,”
Vision Research 49
(2009): 1037–1044.

newborns babies’ interest in gaze:

T. Farroni, G. Csibra, F. Simion, and M. Johnson, “Eye Contact Detection in Humans from Birth,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99
(2002): 9602–9605.

eye contact and attachment:

K. S. Robson, The Role of Eye-to-Eye Contact in Maternal-Infant Attachment,”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 8
(1967): 13–25; and A. J. Guastella, P. B. Mitchell, and M. R. Dadds, “Oxytocin Increases Gaze to the Eye Region of Human Faces,”
Biological Psychiatry 63
(2008): 3–5.

eye contact generally:

A. Senjua and M. H. Johnson, “The Eye Contact Effect: Mechanisms and Development,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13
(2009): 127–134.

eyes and art:

M. F. Marmor and J. G. Ravin,
The Artist’s Eyes: Vision and the History of Art
(New York: Abrams, 2009), pp. 125–127.

never complains about waiting for the subway:

G. K. Chesterton wrote something similar about boys in railroad stations in
On Running After One’s Hat.

canonical “creative brain”:

Ö. de Manzano, S. Cervenka, A. Karabanov, et al., “Thinking Outside a Less Intact Box: Thalamic Dopamine D2 Receptor Densities Are Negatively Related to Psychometric Creativity in Healthy Individuals,”
PLoS One 55
(2010): e10670.

streetlights:

“Lighting,”
NYC Department of Transportation Street Design Manual,
2010.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/streetdesignmanual.shtml
.

categories of insect sign:

C. Eiseman and N. Charney,
Tracks and Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates: A Guide to North American Species
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2010).

“people stood overwhelmed with awe”:

Quote from the
Wabash Plain Dealer
in D. E. Nye,
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), p. 3.

on invertebrate attraction to lights:

C. Bruce-White and M. Shardlow, “A Review of the Impact of Artificial Light on Invertebrates,” (2011), retrieved from
http://www.buglife.org.uk/
.

ants in the medians:

www.livescience.com/11068-ant-oases-nyc-street-medians.html
.

search images:

S. J. Shettleworth,
Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

blue jays trained to look for camouflaged moths:

J. Alcock,
Animal Behavior,
9th ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2011).

olfactory search images:

V. O. Nams, “Olfactory Search Images in Striped Skunks,”
Behaviour 119
(1991): 267–284; F. R. Cross and R. R. Jackson, “Olfactory Search-Image Use by a Mosquito-Eating Predator,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B 22
(2010): 3173–3178; and I. Gazit, A. Goldblatt, and J. Terkel, “Formation of an Olfactory Search Image for Explosives Odours in Sniffer Dogs,”
Ethology 111
(2005): 669–680.

Sacks’ first Tourette’s patient:

http://blog.ted.com/2009/09/qa_with_oliver.php
.

the “clay pitcher search image”:

J. von Uexküll, “A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men,” in C. H. Schiller, ed.,
Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept
(New York: International Universities Press, 1934/1957).

visual search in the brain:

M. P. Eckstein, “Visual Search: A Retrospective,”
Journal of Vision 11
(2011): 1–36.

radiologists, satellite image analysts, and fishermen:

Eckstein, “Visual Search.”

Cooper’s hawks:

W. A. Estes and R. W. Mannan, “Feeding Behavior of Cooper’s Hawks at Urban and Rural Nests in Southeastern Arizona,”
The Condor 105
(2003): 107–116.

great tits:

H. Slabbekoorn and M. Peet, “Birds Sing at a Higher Pitch in Urban Noise: Great Tits Hit the High Notes to Ensure That Their Mating Calls Are Heard Above the City’s Din,”
Nature 424
(2003): 267.

song sparrow:

W. E. Wood and S. M. Yezerinac, “Song Sparrow (
Melospiza melodia
) Song Varies with Urban Noise,”
The Auk 123
(2006): 650–659.

peppered moth:

J. Alcock,
Animal Behavior,
9th ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2011).

“North American primate”:

“Raccoons Attack in Los Angeles,” interview with J. Hadidian, November 24, 2006, retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6534152
.

raccoon population numbers:

J. Hadidian, S. Prange, R. Rosatte, et al., “Raccoons
(Procyon lotor),
” in S. D. Gehrt, S. P. D. Riley, and B. L. Cypher, eds.,
Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 2010), pp. 35–47.

raccoon reaching in trash bag:

Ibid.

raccoon hands:

I. D. Walker, “A Successful Multifingered Hand Design—the Case of the Raccoon,” in
Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems,
1995, 186–193.

Latin name and the history:

M. Pettit, “The Problem of Raccoon Intelligence in Behaviourist America,”
British Society for the History of Science 43
(2010): 391–421.

raccoon “knavery,” greed:

H. B. Davis, “The Raccoon: A Study in Animal Intelligence,”
The American Journal of Psychology 18
(1907): 447–489.

Coolidge’s raccoon Rebecca:

“Coolidge ‘Coon’ Gets Ribbon and Is Now Named Rebecca,”
New York Times,
December 25, 1926; and “Coolidge Returns to the White House from His Vacation,”
New York Times,
September 12, 1927.

Easter egg roll:

“President’s Wife Attends the Easter Egg-Rolling,”
New York Times,
April 19, 1927.

raccoons . . . four-inch space:

J. Hadidian, personal communication, December 21, 2010.

starlings and Shakespeare:

S. Mirsky, “Shakespeare to Blame for Introduction of European Starlings to U.S.,”
Scientific American
(May 23, 2008).

expectation about what we will see:

C. Summerfield and T. Egner, “Expectation (and Attention) in Visual Cognition,”
Trends in Cognitive Science 13
(2009): 403–409.

inattentional blindness:

D. J. Simons and C. F. Chabris, “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events,”
Perception 28
(1999): 1059–1074.

“cued-target detection task”:

R. T. Marrocco and M. C. Davidson, “Neurochemistry of Attention,” in R. Parasuraman, ed.,
The Attentive Brain
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 35–50.

rats’ ever-growing teeth:

A. F. Hanson and M. Berdoy, “Rats,” in V. T. Tynes, ed.,
Behavior of Exotic Pets
(UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2010) pp. 104–116.

pigeon owl deterrents:

J. Hadidian, ed.,
Wild Neighbors: A Humane Approach to Dealing with Wildlife
(Washington D.C.: Humane Society Press, 2007).