Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (170 page)

82 David Horowitz,
State in the Making
(New York 1953), 232–5.

83 Rony E. Gabbay,
A Political Study
of the Arab-Jewish Conflict
(Geneva 1959), 92–3.

84
Sachar
,
Europe Leaves the Middle
East
, 550–1; Walid Khalidi, ‘Why Did the Palestinians Leave?’,
Middle East Forum
,
July 1955;
Erkine B. Childers, ‘The Other Exodus’,
Spectator
, 12 May 1961. Arab League instructions were printed in
Al-Kayat
(Lebanon, 30 April, 5–7 May 1948).

85 Colonial Office transcript (co 733 477) quoted in Bethell,
The
Palestine Triangle
,
355
.

86 Walter Pinner,
How Many Arab Refugees?
(New York 1959), 3–4.

87 Sachar, op. cit., 191; for distribution of Jewish exodus, see
Martin Gilbert
,
The Arab-Israeli Conflict: its History in Maps
(London 1974), 50.

88
Jon Kimche
,
Seven Fallen Pillars
(London 1954), 46.

89 Francis Williams:
A Prime Minister Remembers
(London 1961), 175–6.

90
Bethell
,
The Palestine Triangle
, 358.

91
Sachar
,
Europe Leaves the Middle East, SI
.

92 For an incisive portrait by a fellow-Muslim ruler see Mohammed Ahmed Mahgoub,
Democracy on Trial: Reflections on Arab and African Politics
(London 1974).

93 Constantine Zurayak,
The
Meaning of the Disaster
(Beirut
1956), 2.

94 For the dam project see
P.K.O’Brien
,
The Revolution in Egypt’s Economic System
(London
1966) and Tom Little,
High Dam at Aswan
(London 1965).

95 Carlton, op. cit., 416.

96 Ibid., 389.

97 André Beaufre,
The Suez Expedition
1956 (tr. London 1969), 28–34; Hugh Stockwell, ‘Suez: Success or Disaster?’,
Listener
, 4 November 1976.

98 See Eden’s own account in
Memoirs: Full Circle
(London
1960); Selwyn Lloyd,
Suez 1956: a
Personal Account
(London 1978)
.

99 Moshe Dayan, Story
of My Life
(London 1976), 181.

100 Dwight D. Eisenhower,
The White
House Years: Waging Peace
1956–1961
(New York 1965), 666–7.

101 Carlton, op. cit., 451–3.

102 Brian Urquhart,
Hammarskjöld
(London 1973), 26.

103 Ibid., 170, 174, 185–9.

104 Home, op. cit. (London 1977), 60.

105 See Robert Aron
et al., Les
Origines de la guerre d’Algérie
(Paris 1962).

106 Albert-Paul Lentin,
L’Algérie des colonels
(Paris 1958).

107 Horne, op. cit., 72.

108 Ibid., 91–2, 101; Pierre Leulliette,
St Michael and the Dragon
(tr. London 1964).

109 Horne, op. cit., 132–5.

110
C. Marighela
,
For the Liberation of
Brazil
(Penguin 1971).

111 Horne, op. cit., 98–9.

112 Germaine Tillion,
L’Algérie en
1957 (Paris 1957); Vincent
Monteil
,
Soldat de fortune
(Paris
1966).

113 Jacques Soustelle,
Aimée et
Souffrante Algérie
(Paris 1956)
.

114 Horne, op. cit., 117–18.

115 Albert Camus,
Chroniques
Algériennes 1939–1958
(Paris
1958).

116 Horne, op. cit., 187.

117 Jacques Massu,
La Vrai Bataille d’Alger
(Paris 1971).

118 Henri Alleg,
La Question
(Paris 1958).

119 Home, op. cit., 201.

120 For examples, see J.-R.Tournoux,
Secret d’Etat
(Paris 1960); J.J.Servan-Schreiber,
Lieutenant en Algérie
(Paris 1957).

121 Charles de Gaulle:
Memoirs of Hope
(tr. London 1970–1), 112.

122 Ibid., 15.

123 Simone de Beauvoir,
La Force des choses
(Paris 1963).

124 Horne, op. cit., 291.

125 De Gaulle, op. cit., 47.

126 Horne, op. cit., 376–8.

127 Ibid., 515–16.

128 Ibid., 495.

129 Ibid., 506.

130 Mouloud Feraoun,
Journal
1955–1962 (Paris 1962).

131 Horne, op. cit., 524.

132 Ibid., 540–3.

133 Ibid., 537–8.

134 De Gaulle, op. cit., 1126.

135 Ben Bella, interview with Radio
Monte Carlo:
Daily Telegraph
, 19 March 1982.

15 Caliban’s Kingdoms

1 Mark Amory (ed.),
Letters of Evelyn Waugh
(London 1980), 517.

2 James, op. cit., 193.

3 Quoted in Dorothy Pickles,
French
Politics: the First Years of the Fourth Republic
(London 1953)
, 151.

4 Stewart Easton,
The Twilight of
European Colonialism
(London
1961).

5
Le Monde
, 21 June 1951.

6 De Gaulle, op. cit., 166.

7 Ibid., 68.

8 Quoted in Easton, op. cit.

9 Michael Blundell,
So Rough a Wind
(London 1964).

10
Weekend Telegraph
,
12 March
1965.

11 Miles Hudson,
Triumph or
Tragedy: Rhodesia to Zimbabwe
(London 1981), 38–9.

12 Jean Labrique,
Congo Politique
(Leopoldville 1957), 199–219.

13 Comnd 9109 (1918), 3, quoted in Barnett, op. cit., 147.

14 Kirkman, op. cit., 15ff.

15 For the elaboration of this theory, see P.A.Baran,
The Political
Economy of Growth
(New York 1957); C. Leys
,
Underdevelopment in Kenya: the Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism 1964–71
(London 1975).

16 Quoted in Mahgoub, op. cit., 250ff.

17 Tawia Adamafio,
A Portrait of the
Osagyefo, Dr Kwame Nkrumah
(Accra 1960), 95.

18 Mahgoub, op. cit., 284.

19 John Rogge,’The Balkanization of Nigeria’s Federal System’,
Journal of Geography
, April-May 1977.

20
J.L.Lacroix
,
Industrialization au
Congo
(Paris 1966), 21ff.

21 Easton, op. cit., 445; see also
R.Anstey
,
King Leopold’s Legacy: the Congo Under Belgian Rule
1908–1960
(Oxford 1966).

22 See G.Heinz and H.Donnay,
Lumumba: the Last Fifty Days
(New York 1969).

23 Urquhart, op. cit., 392–3, 397.

24 Paul-Henri Spaak,
Combats inachevés
(Paris 1969), 244–5.

25 Urquhart, op. cit., 385.

26 Ibid., 507.

27 Urquhart, op. cit., 587; Conor Cruise O’Brien,
To Katanga and
Back (London 1962), 286.

28
Sunday Times
, 11 October 1964.

29 Ali Mazrui, ‘Moise Tschombe and the Arabs, 1960–8’ in
Violence and
Thought: Essays on Social Tension
in Africa
(London 1969).

30
Wall Street Journal
,
25–26 June
1980; Patrick Marnham,
Fantastic Invasion
(London 1980), 203 note 10.

31
K.W.Grundy
,
Conflicting Images of the Military in Africa
(Nairobi
1968).

32 Samuel Decalo,
Coups and Army Rule in Africa
(Yale 1976), 5–6 and Tables 1.1 and 1.2.

33 A point made in Shiva Naipaul,
North of South: an African
Journey
(London 1978).

34
African Standard
,
Nairobi
, 12 April 1965; quoted in Mazrui, op. cit., 210–11.

35
Marvin Harris
,
Portugal’s African
‘Wards’
(New York 1958); James
Duffy
,
Portuguese Africa
(Harvard
1959).

36 Marcello Caetano,
Colonizing
Traditions: Principles and Methods of the Portuguese
(Lisbon
1951).

37 Easton, op. cit., 506.

38 T.R.H.Davenport,
South Africa: a Modern History
(London 1977), 346.

39 W.K.Hancock,
Smuts
(London 1968), II.

40 For these sects see Bengt
G.M.Sundkler
,
Bantu Prophets in
South Africa
(2nd ed. Oxford
1961) and
Zulu Zion and some Swazi
Zionists
(Oxford 1976).

41 Davenport, op. cit., 176ff.

42 Ibid., 207; for Native bills see M. Ballinger,
From Union to Apartheid
(London 1969).

43
B.Patchai
,
The International Aspects of the South African Indian Question 1860–1971
(London 1971).

44
N.M.Stultz
,
Afrikaaner Politics in South Africa 1934–48
(London
1974).