Milosevic (62 page)

7.
Mira Markovic,
Answer
, (Kingston, Ontario, Quarry Press, 1995) p. 33.

8.
Milan Kucan,
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode three.

9.
Milan Kucan,
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

10.
Milan Kucan, speech at Cankarjev dom, 27 February 1989. Translation supplied by the Slovenian president's office.

11.
For a fuller discussion of the role of the Serbian Jewish Friendship Society and the rivalry between Milosevic and Tudjman to recruit Jewish supporters, see Appendix 1 p. 331.

12.
Serb television, quoted in
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

13.
Elias Canetti,
Crowds and Power
(London: Phoenix Press, 1998 edition), p. 49.

14.
Borisav Jovic in Laura Silber and Allan Little,
The Death of Yugoslavia
(London: Penguin/BBC, 1995), p. 70.

15.
John Reed,
War in Eastern Europe
(London: Phoenix, 1994 ed.), p.22.

16.
Slobodan Milosevic, speech in Robert Thomas,
Serbia under Milosevic
(London: Hurst and Company, 2000), p. 50.

17.
Mira Markovic, author interview, Belgrade, March 2002.

18.
Warren Zimmerman,
Origins of Catastrophe
(New York: Random House, 1996), pp. 22–3.

19.
Zivorad Kovacevic, author interview, Belgrade, November 2001.

20.
Draza Markovic, author interview, Belgrade August 2001.

21.
Reginald Wyon,
The Balkans from Within
(London: James Finch & Co., 1904), p. ix.

22.
Mihailo Crnobrnja, author interview, Belgrade, March 2002.

Chapter 11

1.
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

2.
Sandor Marai,
Embers
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf and London: Viking Penguin, 2002), p. 43.

3.
This exchange between Milan Kucan and Borisav Jovic is transcribed from
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

4.
Ljubica Markovic, author interview, Belgrade, August 2001.

5.
Milan Kucan, author interview, Ljubljana, October 2001.

6.
Slobodan Milosevic in
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

7.
Ivica Racan, author interview.

8.
Momir Bulatovic in
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode one.

9.
Communique of 23 January 1991. Translation supplied by the Slovenian president's office.

10.
Borisav Jovic in
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode three.

11.
Vaso Predojevic, author interview, Ljubljana, October 2002.

Chapter 12

1.
Reginald Wyon,
The Balkans from Within
(London: James Finch & Co., 1904), p. 13.

2.
Borisav Jovic in
The Last Days of Yugoslavia
(Belgrade: Prisma, 1996 Serbian ed.), p. 108.

3.
Borisav Jovic in Tim Judah,
The Serbs
(London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 169.

4.
Also alleged to be members of the ‘joint criminal enterprise', as detailed in the ICTY indictment, are: Borisav Jovic, Branko Kostic, General Veljko Kadijevic, General Blagoje Adzic, Milan Babic, Milan Martic, Goran Hadzic, Jovica Stanisic, Franko Simatovic, Tomislav Simovic, Vojislav Serselj, Momir Bulatovic, General Aleksandar Vasiljevic, Radovan Stojicic and Zeljko Raznjatovic, a.k.a. Arkan. Mihajl Kertes is not mentioned.

5.
Milan Kucan, author interview, Ljubljana, October 2001.

6.
Misha Glenny,
The Fall of Yugoslavia
(London: Penguin, 1992 ed.), p. 27.

7.
Although no copy of the RAM plan has yet been produced as evidence, its existence was reported by senior Yugoslav figures such as then federal prime minister Ante Markovic (see
Chapter 14
). Whether or not RAM actually existed as a single document, the ideas attributed to it certainly represented a sustained current of both nationalist thought and early Milosevic-era policy. The US writer Louis Sell, a former diplomat in Yugoslavia, notes: ‘While I was serving in the US Embassy in Belgrade from 1987–1991, I cannot recall ever hearing of the Vojna Linija or the RAM plan, although the actions of the Serb authorities in providing military and other forms of support to Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia were well known. At some point during my last year in the embassy, I was shown a covertly obtained document that revealed contingency plans by the military to rapidly carve out a zone of control over an area marked on a map that roughly approximated the areas of the Serb agitation that later became the so-called Krajina. This may have been the RAM plan or something similar.' Louis Sell,
Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 374.

8.
ibid., pp. 110–11.

9.
Testimony of Jerko Doko, Prosecutor v. Tadic, case IT-94-1-T, 6 June 1996, pp. 1359–61.

10.
Former Serbian intelligence officer, author interview, 2001.

11.
Marcus Tanner,
Croatia: A Nation Forged in War
(London: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 228.

12.
ibid., p. 223.

13.
The power of such symbolism as a manifestation of patriotic defiance should not be underestimated. During the winter of 1991, when Croatia was under severe attack, the author dined one night in Zagreb. A salad was served which contained a radish. Into the red skin of the radish, the chef had cut a tiny but precise
sahovnica
pattern.

14.
Mira Markovic, author interview, Belgrade, March 2002.

15.
Mihailo Crnobrnja, author interview, Belgrade, March 2002.

16.
Borislav Milosevic, author telephone interview, April 2002.

17.
Conversation recorded on 15 March 1997, published in
Globus
magazine, Zagreb, February 2002.

18.
David Austin, author interview, Zagreb, September 2001.

19.
Stipe Mesic, author interview, Zagreb, September 2001.

20.
Milan Babic and Petar Gracanin,
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode two.

21.
Radmilo Bogdanovic in Laura Silber and Allan Little,
The Death of Yugoslavia
(London: Penguin/BBC, 1995), p. 155.

22.
Adam LeBor, ‘A Survivor's Guide to the Osijek Underground',
Independent
(London, December 31, 1991).

Chapter 13

1.
Dusan Mitevic, author interviews, Budapest, autumn 2001 – spring 2002.

2.
Tahir Hasanovic, author interview, Belgrade, November 2001.

3.
Belgrade Television in Eric D. Gordy,
The Culture of Power in Serbia: Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives
(University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996), p. 33.

4.
Braca Grubacic, author interview, Belgrade, November 2001.

5.
Eric D. Gordy, op. cit., p. 33.

6.
Slobodan Milosevic in Laura Silber and Allan Little,
The Death of Yugoslavia
(London: Penguin/BBC, 1995), p. 132.

7.
Vuk Draskovic, author interview, Belgrade, November 2001.

8.
General Adzic,
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode two.

9.
Slobodan Milosevic in Silber and Little, op. cit., p. 134.

10.
Vasil Tuporkovsky (and Borisav Jovic),
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode two.

11.
Vuk Draskovic, author interview, Belgrade, November 2001.

12.
Slobodan Milosevic in Silber and Little, op. cit., p. 139.

13.
ibid., p. 141.

14.
ibid., p. 142.

Chapter 14

1.
Stipe Mesic, author interview, Zagreb, September 2001.

2.
ibid.

3.
Milan Kucan, author interview, Ljubljana, October 2001.

4.
Adam LeBor, ‘Vukovar Veteran Bitter over Tudjman “Betrayal”',
Independent
(1 January 1992). Marcus Tanner quotes an interview with General Anton Tus, commander in chief of Croat forces, opposing this. General Tus argued that diverting military supplies to Vukovar at this time would have left other frontlines over-exposed. Tanner wrote: ‘Vukovar's fall formed no part of a strategy of recognition; on the contrary General Tus believed the fall of Vukovar would lead to a massive assault on the rest of Slavonia which could be countered only by years of sustained guerrilla warfare.' Marcus Tanner,
Croatia: A Nation Forged In War
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 266.

5.
Milos Vasic, author interview, Belgrade, August 2001.

6.
Hrvoje Sarinic, author interview, Samobor, Croatia, September 2001. Some details taken from Sarinic's book,
All My Secret Talks with Slobodan Milosevic: Between War and Diplomacy 1993–1995
(Zagreb: Globus International, 1999 Croatian Edition).

7.
According to the 1991 Yugoslav census.

8.
Milosevic at this time promoted a Muslim businessman called Adil Zulfikarpasic, who had split with Alija Izetbegovic to form his own party, the Muslim Bosnjak Party. The party was given substantial airtime on Belgrade Television, often the best weathervane of Milosevic's thinking, as means of showing that Bosnian Muslims really wanted to stay in Yugoslavia. But Zulfikarpasic lacked any real base of support and the initiative faded away.

9.
Laura Silber and Allan Little,
The Death of Yugoslavia
(London: Penguin/BBC, 1995), p. 141.

10.
ibid. p. 233.

11.
Tim Judah,
The Serbs
, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 199.

12.
It was a curious feature of the Yugoslav wars that so many Serb warlords were medically trained. The leader of the Krajina Serbs was Milan Babic, a dentist. His predecessor Jovan Raskovic was a psychiatrist. The Yugoslav system that demanded quotas from every republic for prestigious jobs was one factor in bringing such personalities into the healing professions.

13.
Dusko Doder and Louise Branson,
Milosevic: Portrait of a Tyrant
(New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 115.

14.
Tim Judah, op. cit., p. 191.

15.
ibid.

16.
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode four.

17.
Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council resolution 780 (1992). Prepared by M. Cherif Bassiouni, Chairman and Rapporteur on the Gathering and Analysis of the Facts, Commission of Experts. Annex IV: The Policy of Ethnic Cleansing. 28 December 1994.

18.
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode four.

19.
Tim Judah, op. cit., p. 236.

20.
Mark Danner, ‘America and the Bosnia Genocide',
New York Review of Books
(4 December 1997).

21.
Adam LeBor, ‘Forgotten Victims of Balkan Nationalism Take Refuge in Serbia',
The Times
(London, 3 March 1993).

22.
David Austin, author interview, Zagreb, September 2001.

Chapter 15

1.
Vojislav Seselj,
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode four.

2.
Dusan Mitevic, author interviews, Budapest, autumn 2001–spring 2002.

3.
Slobodan Milosevic, quoted in Robert Thomas,
Serbia Under Milosevic
(London: Hurst and Company, 2000)
page 50
.

4.
Mira Markovic,
Night and Day
, (Kingston, Ont.: Quarry Press, 1996), pp. 92–3.

5.
ibid., p. 111.

6.
Slobodan Milosevic in
The Death of Yugoslavia
, episode four.

7.
Mira Markovic, author interview, Belgrade, March 2002.

8.
Dusko Doder and Louise Branson,
Milosevic: Portrait of a Tyrant
(New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 140.

9.
David Owen,
Balkan Odyssey
(London: Indigo, 1996), p. 292.

10. Genocide in Bosnia-Hercegovina. A Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington, D.C., 4 April 1995.
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress 1995hr/index.html
.

11.
Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts. December 1994. Annex. III.a, Special Forces.

12.
Arkan, in Ivan Colovic, ‘Football, Hooligans and War',
The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis
(Budapest: CEU Press, 1996), p. 388.

13.
ibid.

14.
Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, op. cit.

15.
Milosevic – Initial indictment for war crimes in Croatia. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Case No. IT – 02 – 54. Kosovo, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. October 2001. Annex One paragraph 53.

16.
Interview with Radmilo Bogdanovic by Nenad Stefanovic.
Duga
, 7–20 January 1995, p. 22. Quoted in Paul Williams and Norman Cigar,
A Prima Facie Case for the Indictment of Slobodan Milosevic
(London: Alliance to Defend BosniaHerzegovina, 1996), p. 35.

17.
Interview with General Tomislav Simovic,
Srpska Rec
, 25 November 1991. Quoted in Paul Williams and Norman Cigar, op. cit.

18.
ibid., p. 21.

19.
Milosevic also sidestepped opposition within the Yugoslav airforce to the use of the paramilitaries. Squadron 252, based at Batajnica air base, was deployed without the knowledge of the General Staff to provide military helicopters. The squadron became known as the ‘First Serbian' because of its close links with the paramilitary leaders, including Arkan and Vojislav Seselj. Dr James Gow, ‘Belgrade and Bosnia – An Assessment of the Yugoslav Military,
Janes Intelligence Review
, 1 June 1993.