Known and Unknown (94 page)

25.
Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

26.
Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

27.
Steve Vogel,
The Pentagon: A History
(New York: Random House, 2007), p. 431.

28.
Rumsfeld, remarks, “On the Awarding of the George Catlett Marshall Medal,” October 17, 1984.

29.
Rumsfeld, “Weakening of Deterrent,” December 10, 2001.

30.
Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

31.
Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

32.
Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

33.
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 266–72.

34.
Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

35.
Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.

36.
Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.

37.
Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.

38.
Steven Erlanger, “European Nations Stand with U.S., Ready to Respond,”
New York Times,
September 12, 2001; Michael White and Patrick Wintour, “Blair Calls for World Fight Against Terror,”
The Guardian,
September 12, 2001; Jean-Marie Colombani, “Nous sommes tous Américains,”
Le Monde,
September 13, 2001.

39.
Howard Schneider and Lee Hockstader, “As Mideast Officials Offer Condolences, Some Arabs Rejoice,”
Washington Post,
September 12, 2001; Neil MacFarquhar, “Condemnations from Arab Governments, but Widely Different Attitudes on the Street,”
New York Times,
September 12, 2001; Saudi Embassy, “Kingdom Condemns Attacks on United States,” Press Release, September 11, 2001.

40.
Department of Defense, “Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words—Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media,” October 22, 2002; Borzou Daragahi and David Lamb, “Violence Marked His Rise, Rule and Fall,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 30, 2006; Cameron S. Brown, “The Shot Seen Around the World: The Middle East Reacts to September 11th,”
Middle East Review of International Affairs,
vol. 5, no. 4, December 2001.

41.
Department of Defense, “Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words—Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media,” October 22, 2002.

42.
Rumsfeld to Feith, “Mubarak,” September 13, 2001.

43.
Rumsfeld to Feith, “Foreign Reaction to Events September 11, 2001,” September 14, 2001.

CHAPTER 26
War President

1.
Frank J. Murray, “Infamy; Hijacked Planes Destroy World Trade Center, Ram Pentagon,”
Washington Times,
September 12, 2001.

2.
The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5, Washington, D.C., April 4, 1949.

3.
Opinion, “The National Defense,”
New York Times,
September 12, 2001.

4.
Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40), 107th Cong., 1st sess., September 18, 2001, sec. 2(a).

5.
Rumsfeld, speech, “Cabinet Meeting Prayer on the National Day of Prayer and Remembrance,” September 14, 2001.

6.
Rumsfeld, “Vocabulary,” September 23, 2001.

7.
Rumsfeld to Bush, “Global War on Terror,” June 18, 2004; Abizaid to Rumsfeld and Myers, “Response to 18 June Paper,” July 16, 2004; Rumsfeld to Steve Hadley, cc: Eric Edelman, “Nature of the Long Struggle,” August 4, 2006.

8.
Tom Regan, “The ‘Rebranding' of the War on Terror,”
Christian Science Monitor,
July 28, 2005; Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War,”
New York Times,
July 26, 2005; Matthew Davis, “New Name for ‘War on Terror,'” BBC News, July 27, 2005.

9.
Rumsfeld to Bush, “Coalitions,” September 22, 2001.

10.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

11.
Department of State, Proliferation Security Initiative, launched May 31, 2003.

12.
Department of Defense,
Campaign Against Terrorism: Strategic Guidance for the US Department of Defense,
October 2, 2001.

13.
“Dark Winter—Bioterrorism Exercise,” developed and produced by Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense, Center for Strategic and International Studies, ANSER Institute for Homeland Security, and Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, conducted June 22–23, 2001, Andrews Air Force Base; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Some Experts Say U.S. Is Vulnerable to a Germ Attack,”
New York Times,
September 30, 2001.

14.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

15.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

16.
American Consulate (Peshawar) to Warren Christopher, State Department cable, “Afghanistan: Taliban Agree to Visits of Militant Training Camps, Admit bin Laden Is Their Guest,” January 9, 1997.

17.
Barry Bearak, “Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved,”
New York Times,
September 12, 2001.

18.
Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “Using Special Forces on ‘Our Side' of the Line,” September 23, 2001.

19.
George W. Bush, remarks to airline employees, Chicago, Illinois, September 27, 2001.

20.
Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Saudi Arabia,” December 6, 2001.

21.
Rumsfeld to Feith, “Saudi Arabia”, December 3, 2001.

22.
Barry Bearak, “Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved,”
New York Times,
September 12, 2001.

23.
Rumsfeld to Rice and Powell, “Khobar Towers and USS Cole,” February 5, 2001.

PART NINE
Into the Graveyard of Empires

1.
Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,”
Time,
February 20, 1989.

2.
Bill Keller, “Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan,”
New York Times,
February 16, 1989.

3.
Bill Keller, “Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan,”
New York Times,
February 16, 1989.

4.
Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,”
Time,
February 20, 1989.

5.
Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,”
Time,
February 20, 1989.

6.
Pepe Escobar, “Backstage at the Theater of ‘Terror,'”
Asia Times Online,
February 27, 2009.

7.
David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,”
New York Times,
May 25, 2003.

8.
David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,”
New York Times,
May 25, 2003; Steve Coll,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
(New York: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 185.

CHAPTER 27
Special Operations

1.
Stephen Tanner,
Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban
(New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), pp. 176–87.

2.
Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).

3.
Rumsfeld, “The President,” December 5, 2001.

4.
Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “Using Special Forces on ‘Our Side' of the Line,” September 23, 2001.

5.
General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell,
American Soldier
(New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 281.

6.
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 139.

7.
Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.

8.
Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.

9.
Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.

10.
Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, “Fact Sheet: International Contributions to the War Against Terrorism,” June 7, 2002 (revised June 14, 2002).

11.
Bob Woodward,
Bush at War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).

12.
Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).

13.
Rohrabacher, letter to Rumsfeld, September 26, 2001.

CHAPTER 28
Little Birds in a Nest

1.
William Luti, Jim MacDougall, Mira Ricardel, Marc Thiessen, and John Craddock to Rumsfeld, [No Subject], undated.

2.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.

3.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.

4.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.

5.
U.S. Defense Attaché Office Tashkent to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, “Draft Report of DefSec Meeting with President Karimov,” October 5, 2001.

6.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.

7.
Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, “Uzbekistan,” October 7, 2001.

8.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Press Conference with President of Uzbekistan,” October 5, 2001.

9.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Saudi Arabia,” October 2, 2001.

10.
Rumsfeld, “Turkey,” December 28, 2001.

11.
General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell,
American Soldier
(New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 285.

12.
Rumsfeld to Feith, “Strategy,” October 30, 2001.

13.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Rumsfeld and Myers briefing on Enduring Freedom,” October 7, 2001.

14.
Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman,
Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 39.

15.
Vice Admiral Giambastiani and Larry Di Rita, “Memorandum of 21 October Secure Conference Call with CinCent,” October 24, 2001.

16.
Rumsfeld, “Taliban and the NGOs,” October 31, 2001.

17.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV,” October 28, 2001; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” October 29, 2001.

18.
Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “What Will Be the Military Role in the War on Terrorism,” October 10, 2001.

19.
Kathy Gannon, “Afghanistan's Terrain a Challenge,” Associated Press, September 18, 2001.

20.
Editorial, “The Quagmire Issue; U.S. Should Prepare for a Long Struggle,”
Dallas Morning News,
October 26, 2001.

21.
Maureen Dowd, “Liberties; Can Bush Bushkazi?,”
New York Times,
October 28, 2001.

22.
R. W. Apple, Jr., “A Military Quagmire Remembered: Afghanistan as Vietnam,”
New York Times,
October 31, 2001.

23.
Rumsfeld to Larry Di Rita, “War on Terrorism,” September 23, 2001.

CHAPTER 29
Kabul Falls, Karzai Rises

1.
Robin Moore,
The Hunt for bin Laden: Task Force Dagger
(New York: Random House, 2003), p. 28.

2.
General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell,
American Soldier
(New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 303.

3.
Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman,
Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 40.

4.
Vernon Loeb and Susan B. Glasser, “Tajikistan Allows U.S. to Assess 3 Air Bases,”
Washington Post,
November 4, 2001.

5.
Michael Wines, “Rumsfeld Visits Russia and Central Asia to Bolster Coalition,”
New York Times,
November 4, 2001.

6.
Celia W. Dugger, “U.S. and India Map Path to Military Cooperation; More Arms Sales Are Seen,”
New York Times,
November 6, 2001.

7.
Steven Lee Myers, “Clinton to Impose Penalties on India Over Atomic Tests,”
New York Times,
May 13, 1998.

8.
Rumsfeld, handwritten note, “Phone Call from an Aircraft w/POTUS,” November 6, 2001.

9.
Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Why Time Is of the Essence in the Afghan Campaign,” October 12, 2001.

10.
Michael R. Gordon, “Key Players Confer at U.N. on a Post-Taliban Regime,”
New York Times,
November 12, 2001.

11.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Kabul,” November 13, 2001.

12.
Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman,
Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 53.

13.
Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,”
New York Times,
December 17, 2001.

14.
Department of Defense speech transcript, “Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB,” November 21, 2001.

15.
Rumsfeld to Tenet, “Ali,” December 20, 2001.

16.
Rumsfeld, “Discuss w/Franks,” January 4, 2002.

17.
Evan Th omas, “Into Th in Air,”
Newsweek,
September 3, 2007; Peter Bergen, “The Battle for Tora Bora,”
The New Republic,
December 22, 2009.

18.
Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo,
Jawbreaker: The Attack on bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Key Field Commander
(New York: Crown, 2005).

19.
Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Further Report on Afghan Talks in Bonn,” November 27, 2001.

20.
Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,”
New York Times,
December 17, 2001.

21.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability en route to Brussels,” December 17, 2001.

22.
Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post,
December 17, 2001.

23.
Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post,
December 17, 2001.

24.
Dwight Jon Zimmerman and John D. Gresham,
Beyond Hell and Back: How America's Special Operations Forces Became the World's Greatest Fighting Unit
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007), p. 215.

25.
Michael Ignatieff, “Nation-Building Lite,”
New York Times Magazine,
July 28, 2002; Simon Robinson, “Karzai's Kabul: Fit for a King?,”
Time,
April 18, 2002.

26.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.

27.
Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.

28.
Douglas J. Feith,
War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 145–46.

29.
Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post,
December 17, 2001.

PART TEN
Saddam's Miscalculation

1.
George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991; Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency,
Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction,
March 1991.

2.
George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991.

3.
Robert Gates, “The Gulf War: Oral History,”
Frontline,
PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

4.
James Baker, “The Gulf War: Oral History,”
Frontline,
PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

5.
Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History,”
Frontline,
PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

6.
Elaine Sciolino, “Gore Says Bush's Efforts to Befriend Iraqi Leader Led to Gulf War,”
New York Times,
September 30, 1992.

7.
Margaret Thatcher, “The Gulf War: Oral History,”
Frontline,
PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

8.
Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History, Part B,”
Frontline,
PBS, broadcast January 10, 1996.

CHAPTER 30
Out of the Box

1.
Sarah Graham-Brown, “No-Fly Zones: Rhetoric and Real Intentions,”
Middle East Report Online,
February 20, 2001.