Iron Curtain (90 page)

78.
Pataki,
A Nékosz-legenda
, p. 259.

79.
PIL, 302 1/15; also 867/1/H-168.

80.
Pataki,
A Nékosz-legenda
, pp. 378–79.

81.
Papp, “A Nékosz legendája és valósága,” p. 335.

1.
Interview with Andrzej Zalewski, Warsaw, September 15, 2009.

2.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin,
1945
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1998), pp. 108–9.

3.
DRA, B202-00-00-06/0617.

4.
Ibid., F201-00-00/0004, pp. 646–50.

5.
Ibid., pp. 427–35.

6.
Peter Strunk,
Zensur und Zensoren
(Berlin, 1996), pp. 10–18.

7.
Markus Wolf and Anne McElvoy,
Man Without a Face: The Autobiography of the World’s Greatest Spymaster
(London, 1999), p. 36.

8.
Strunk,
Zensur und Zensoren
, pp. 10–18.

9.
Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, pp. 109–10.

10.
DRA, F201-00-00/0004, p. 554.

11.
Strunk,
Zensur und Zensoren
, p. 111.

12.
Conversation with Gunter Holzweissig, Berlin, October 1, 2006; conversation with Ingrid Pietrzysnski, Potsdam, October 16, 2006.

13.
Michael Geyer, ed.,
The Power of Intellectuals in Contemporary Germany
(Chicago, 2001), p. 252.

14.
DRA, 201-00-004/001, pp. 1–32.

15.
Ibid., pp. 108-9.

16.
Ibid., B202-00-071/0027.

17.
Ibid., B202-00-03/0002.

18.
Ibid., B202-00-06/40.

19.
Ibid., F201-00-00/0004, pp. 532, 540, 600–15.

20.
Ibid., p. 583.

21.
Ibid., pp. 71–73.

22.
N. Timofeeva et al., eds.,
Politika
SVAG
v Oblasti Kulturi, nauki I Obrazovaniya: Tseli, Metody, Rezultaty,
1945
–
1949 gg, Sbornik Dokumentov
, pp. 124–25.

23.
TVP, 85/14 and Stefania Grodzieńska,
Już
nic nie musz˛e
(Lublin, 2000), pp. 34–38.

24.
The archives of the underground newspaper
Tygodnik Mazowsze
were stored at the Billigs’ apartment after martial law was declared in 1981.
Gazeta Wyborcza
, December 6, 2006, available at http://wyborcza.pl/1,77023,3777590.html.

25.
Grodzieńska,
Już
nic nie musz˛e
, pp. 34–35.

26.
TVP, 85/2/2.

27.
Order reprinted in
Rzeczpospolita
, August 15, 1944.

28.
Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskie
10 (November 3, 1944); Agnieszka Sowa, “Gadaj˛ace skrzynki,”
Polityka
37, 2521 (September 17, 2005), pp. 74–76; interview with Piotr Paszkowski, Warsaw, May 21, 2007.

29.
Tomasz Goban-Klas,
The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and the Aftermath
(Boulder, 1994), pp. 53–54.

30.
Andrzej Krawczyk,
Pierwsza Próba Indoktrynacji: Działalność
Ministerstwa Informacji I Propagandy w latach
1944
–
1947
,
Dokumenty do dziejow
PRL
, vol. 7 (Warsaw, 1994), p. 36.

31.
NAC, recording catalogues, available at
www.audiovis.nac.gov.pl
; also NAC, Dokumentacja programowa Polskiego Radia, 21.02.1945, 9/8, s. 19.

32.
TVP, 85/2/2.

33.
Ibid., 85/2/1.

34.
Władysław Szpilman,
The Pianist
(London, 1999), pp. 7–9.

35.
TVP, 85/2/2.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Ibid., 85/6/1.

38.
István Vida, “A demokratikus Magyar Rádió megteremtése és a Magyar Központi Híradó
Rt. Megalakulása,” in
Tanulmányok a Magyar Rádió történetéből
1925
–
1945
(Budapest, 1975), pp. 239–86; and Béla Lévai,
A rádió és a televízió krónikája
1945
–
1978
(Budapest, 1980), p. 11.

39.
Peter Kenez,
Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary,
1944
–
1948
(New York, 2006), p. 89.

40.
Lévai,
A rádió és a televízió krónikája
, p. 15.

41.
Ibid., p. 12; Vida, “A demokratikus Magyar Rádió,” p. 246.

42.
Jenő Randé and János Sebestyén,
Azok a rádiós évtizedek
(Budapest, 1995), p. 112.

43.
Interview with Áron Tóbiás, Budapest, May 21, 2009.

44.
Gyula Schöpflin,
Szélkiáltó
(Budapest, 1985), p. 60.

45.
Vida, “A demokratikus Magyar Rádió,” pp. 249–51.

46.
Ibid., p. 251.

47.
Lévai,
A rádió és a televízió krónikája
, pp. 16–26.

48.
László András Palkó, “A Magyar Rádió és az Államvédelmi Hatóság kapcsolata a Rákosi-korszakban,”
Valóság
(January 2008), pp. 69–77.

49.
Schöpflin,
Szélkiáltó
, pp. 63–64.

50.
Randé and Sebestyén,
Azok a rádiós évtizedek
, pp. 110–12.

1.
NA, RG218, Stack 190 2/15/3 CCS/JCS UD47, Box 15, file 94 (courtesy of Antony Beevor).

2.
John Lewis Gaddis,
The Cold War: A New History
(New York, 2005), pp. 5–6.

3.
One of these killed the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. See Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin: Diaries,
1945
–
1948
(New York, 1990), pp. 86–92.

4.
Quoted in Krystyna Kersten,
The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland,
1943
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1991), p. 75.

5.
Ivan T. Berend,
Central and Eastern Europe
1944
–
1993
(Cambridge, 1996), p. 30.

6.
Teresa Torańska,
Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets
, trans. Agnieszka Kołakowska (Warsaw, 2004), p. 484.

7.
Hermann Weber, ed.,
DDR: Dokumente zur Geschichte der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
1945
–
1985
(Munich, 1986), pp. 65–66.

8.
Stanisław Mikołajczyk,
The Rape of Poland
(New York, 1948), p. 100.

9.
Sovietskii Faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope
, vol. I (Moscow, 1999), pp. 67–76.

10.
Gaddis,
Cold War
, p. 100.

11.
T. V. Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiskikh arkhivov
1944
–
1953,
vol. I (Moscow and Novosibirsk, 1997), pp. 330–31.

12.
R. J. Crampton,
A Concise History of Bulgaria
(Cambridge, 2006), pp. 182–83.

13.
Mikołajczyk,
Rape of Poland
, p. 98; also Martin Gilbert, “Churchill and Poland,” unpublished lecture delivered at the University of Warsaw, February 16, 2010. With thanks to Martin Gilbert.

14.
Kersten,
Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland
, p. 81.

15.
Ibid., p. 113.

16.
“Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference,” available at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945YALTA.html
.

17.
Mikołajczyk,
Rape of Poland
, p. 127.

18.
Ibid., pp. 130–34.

19.
Kersten,
Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland
, p. 242.

20.
IWM, “The Struggles for Poland, Program Six,” Roll E.156, interview with Włodzimierz Brus (with thanks to Wanda Kościa), pp. 1–5.

21.
HIA, Stanisław Mikołajczyk collection, Box 103, folder 3, and Box 104, folder 9.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Tomasz Goban-Klas,
The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and the Aftermath
(Boulder, 1994), p. 52.

24.
HIA, Stanisław Mikołajczyk collection, Box 104, folders 4 and 5.

25.
Kersten,
Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland
, pp. 252–53.

26.
Torańska,
Oni
, p. 273.

27.
Ibid., p. 274.

28.
Kersten,
Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland
, pp. 271–77.

29.
IWM interview with Brus.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Andrzej Paczkowski,
Referendum z
30
czerwca
1946: Proba wst˛epnego bilansu
(Warsaw, 1992), p. 14.

32.
Andrzej Krawczyk,
Pierwsza próba indoktrynacji. Działalność
Ministerstwa Informacji i Propagandy w latach
1944
–
1947
, Documenty do dziejow PRL, vol. 7 (Warsaw, 1994), p. 91.

33.
Paczkowski,
Referendum z
30
czerwca
1946
, pp. 221–22.

34.
Torańska,
Oni
, pp. 274–75.

35.
Krawyczyk,
Pierwsza próba indoktrynacji
, p. 91.

36.
Kersten,
Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland
, p. 320.

37.
IWM interview with Brus, pp. 15–20.

38.
Mikołajczyk,
Rape of Poland
, p. 198.

39.
Anita Pra˙zmowska,
Poland: A Modern History
(London 2010), p. 167.

40.
Solidarity was initially an underground movement but between August 1980 and December 1981 was recognized as a legal trade union.

41.
Ignác Romsics,
Hungary in the Twentieth Century
(Budapest, 1999), pp. 230–31.

42.
Peter Kenez,
Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary,
1944
–
1948
(New York, 2006), p. 96.

43.
Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa
, vol. I, pp. 271–74.

44.
SNL, Historic Interview Collection: Jenő Széll, Történeti Interjúk Tára, and Országos Széchenyi Könyvtár, interview conducted by András Hegedüs, Gábor Hanák, Gyula Kozák, and Ilona Szabóné Dér, August 3, 1985.

45.
Ibid., interview with Széll.

46.
Ibid.

47.
György Gyarmati, “ ‘Itt csak az fog történni, amit a kommunista párt akar!’: Adalékok az 1947: évi országgyűlési választások történetéhez,”
Társadalmi Szemle
8–9 (1997), pp. 144–61.

48.
Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa
, vol. I, pp. 271–74.

49.
Sovietskii Faktor
, vol. I, pp. 243–44.

50.
Ferenc Nagy,
The
Struggle Behind the Iron Curtain
(New York, 1948), p. 369.

51.
Ibid., pp. 405–26.

52.
Gyarmati, “ ‘Itt csak az fog történni, amit a kommunista párt akar!,’ ” pp. 144–61.

53.
Dezső Sulyok,
Két éjszaka nappal nélkül
(Budapest, 2004), pp. 387–91.

54.
Károly Szerencsés
, A kék cédulás hadművelet
(Budapest, 1992), pp. 59–73.

55.
Margit Balogh and Kataline S. Nagy, eds.,
Asszonysorsok a
20. Században
, conference papers of BME Szociológia és Kommunikáció Tanszék, 2000, pp. 297–309.

56.
Dirk Spilker,
The East German Leadership and the Division of Germany: Patriotism and Propaganda
1945
–
1953
(Oxford, 2006), pp. 53–54.

57.
Peter Greider,
The East German Leadership
1946
–
1973
(Manchester, 1999), pp. 17–25.

58.
The full text is available at
http://www.marxists.org/archive/​lenin/works/1918/prrk/index.htm
.

59.
Gary Bruce,
The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi
(Oxford, 2010), pp. 34–36.

60.
Wilfried Loth,
Stalin’s Unwanted Child: The Soviet Union, the German Question and the Founding of the
GDR
, trans. Robert F. Hogg (London, 1998), p. 31.

61.
Spilker,
East German Leadership and the Division of Germany
, pp. 47–50.

62.
Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, p. 130.

63.
Ibid., p. 125.

64.
Ibid., pp. 114–15.

65.
Walter Ulbricht,
On Questions of Socialist Construction in the
GDR
(Dresden, 1968), pp. 78–90.

66.
Stefan Creuzberger, “The Soviet Military Administration and East German Elections, Autumn, 1946,”
The Australian Journal of Politics and History
(1999).

67.
Karl-Heinz Hajna,
Die Landtagswahlen
1946
in der
SBZ
(Frankfurt am Main, 2000), pp. 119–68.

68.
Spilker,
East German Leadership and the Division of Germany
, p. 101.

69.
Creuzberger, “Soviet Military Administration and East German Elections.”

70.
IWM interview with Benda.

71.
Peter Skyba, “Jugendpolitik, Jugendopposition und Jugendwiderstand in der SED-Diktatur,” in
Jugend und Diktatur. Verfolgung und Widerstand in der
SBZ
/
DDR
. Dokumentation des XII. Bautzen-Forums am 4. und 5. Mai 2001 (Leipzig, 2001), p. 40.

72.
IWM interview with Benda.

73.
Sidney S. Alexander,
The Marshall Plan
, National Planning Association Planning Pamphlets nos. 60–61, February 1948, p. 14.

74.
Giuliano Procacci et al., eds.,
The Cominform: Minutes of the Three Conferences,
1947
/
1948
/
1949
(Milan, 1994), p. 26.