Invisible Chains (38 page)

p. 95 “very young girls”: Lee Lakeman, Vancouver Rape Relief, interview with author, February 20, 2009.

p. 96 At least five hundred First Nations girls: Sethi at 57 (see above).

p. 96 “Aboriginal girls are being hunted”: “No Legalized Brothels for the Olympics 2010,”
Aboriginal Women's Action Network Statement on Prostitution
(December 2007), online:
http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=2823
(accessed December 11, 2007).

p. 96 “Men see Aboriginal women”: Redsky (see above).

p. 96 A landmark study in 2007: Sethi (see above).

p. 97 Fonessa Bruyere: Anderson (see above).

p. 97 “Police were notified but”: “Winnipeg's murdered women deserve task force, say aboriginal groups,”
CBC News
(September 6, 2007), online:
http://www.cbc.ca
(accessed May 21, 2009).

9 Falling Through the Cracks

p. 100 “We were
concerned”: Documentation provided by Janet Dench, executive director, Canadian Council for Refugees, interview with author, September 25, 2008.

p. 100 Tasha: Zorida Bacchus, senior program officer—anti-fraud and human trafficking, Borders Intelligence Division—Enforcement Branch, Canada Border Services Agency, “Heads Up: TIP investigation underway,” November 7, 2007, & Debra Masters, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Redacted Subject Line Email, November 21, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada
under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 26-29).

p. 101 “I don't think anything”: Mike Hamel, detective sergeant, Toronto Police Service, Sex Crimes Unit, interview with author, May 28, 2008.

p. 101 “We have very little”: Leaver (see above).

p. 102 “We need money for”: Arnold (see above).

p. 102 Timea Nagy: To read her story, see Timea E. Nagy,
Memoirs of a Sex Slave Survivor
(Communication Dynamics, 2010).

p. 102 “federal issues ... They're immigration”: Antonella Artuso, “Sex slaves snubbed: Tory MPP cites Sun article,”
Toronto Sun
(November 27, 2009), online:
www.torontosun.com
(accessed December 23, 2009).

p. 103 Svetlana and Dina: Wendy Quirion, regional program adviser, Ontario Region, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “3 TIP cases—Toronto,” May 2, 2008 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 2).

p. 104 “been charged with”: Rachel James, immigration enforcement officer, Pacific Region Enforcement Center, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “[Redacted Email Subject],” January 22, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 72-73).

p. 105 “When it comes to the tattoo”: Tamara Cherry, “The story of Eve,”
Toronto Sun
(November 2, 2009), online:
http://www.torontosun.com
(accessed December 27, 2009).

p. 106 Between May 2006 and November 2008: CIC interviews (see above)

p. 107 In March 2009: Pike (see above), interview with author, July 3, 2009.

p. 108 raid of massage parlours in December 2006: Pichette, Miller, and Isaacs (see above).

p. 108 An internal RCMP review: Corporal Norm Massie, human trafficking awareness coordinator, RCMP, “Continuation Report: Lower Mainland execution of 17 search warrants—bawdy houses,” 2007-01-03 (documents released by the RCMP under the
Access to Information Act
on October 12, 2008, File No. GA-3951-3- 01397/08 at 423).

p. 109 “ … don't question them”: Trompetter (see above).

p. 109 “There were huge pitfalls”:
Ibid.

10 Homegrown Human Traffickers

p. 111 $280,000 annually:
Organized Crime and Domestic Trafficking in Persons in Canada
(see above).

p. 112 Estimated Revenue of a Domestic Sex Trafficking Network:
Ibid.

p. 114 “Our bars were rampant”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 114 “North Preston's Finest and the Haitian gangs”:
Ibid.

p. 114 “You don't put a woman”: Schwartz, interview with author (see above).

p. 115 “I've never met a juvenile”: Documentation from Snow (see above).

p. 115 “These pimps say”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 115 “These guys are psychology majors”: Arnold (see above).

p. 115 “One girl was on the bottom floor”:
Ibid.

p. 116 “Many girls say”: Dominic Montchamp, detective sergeant, Montreal Police Service, interview with author, June 11, 2008.

p. 117 “If you want to leave”: Viozzi (see above).

11 Justice Too Often Denied

p. 118 In 2008 alone: Data compiled from U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report
(Washington, D.C.: 2009), online:
http://www.state.gov
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 119 On November 25, 2005:
Criminal Code,
R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, s. 279.01.

p. 119 “causing the victim to provide”:
Ibid.,
s. 279.04.

p. 120 “No person shall knowingly”:
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,
S.C. 2001, c. 27, s. 118.

p. 122 Prairie provinces: Colin Lock, corporal, RCMP, Northwest Region Immigration and Passport Section, interview with author, August 28, 2008; see
Chapter 14
.

p. 123 “I asked her what”: Arnold (see above).

p. 124 “Careless, indeed, is”: Case details and quotes from
R. v. Nakpangi
(see above).

p. 126 “the range of appropriate sentencing”: Case details and quotes from
R. v. Jacques Leonard St. Vil
(see above).

p. 127 “You feel like it's your fault”: Tamara Cherry, “Canada's ‘troubling picture': Authorities fight losing battle against sale of human beings,”
Toronto Sun
(November 13, 2008), online:
http://www.torontosun.com
(accessed January 3, 2010).

p. 127
Michael Lennox Mark:
R. v. Michael Lennox Mark
(November 10, 2008), Coupal J. (unreported decision) (audio-file of sentencing hearing on file with author); Montchamp (see above), interview with author, November 20, 2008.

p. 127 Vytautas Vilutis: Documentation provided by Arnold (see above), April 16, 2009; Tamara Cherry, “Pimp guilty of human trafficking,”
Sun Media
(April 18, 2009), online:
http://cnews.canoe.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009); John Stewart, “Man charged under new human trafficking law,”
The Mississauga News
(November 13, 2008), online:
http://www.mississauga.com
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 127 “respect for the law”:
Criminal Code,
s. 718 (see above).

p. 129 Tyrel Henwood: sources cited in
Chapter 6
for Sarah (see above)

p. 130 “They didn't want this”: Leaver (see above).

p. 130 “trafficking-related” cases: Department of Justice, “Trafficking-related cases by Criminal Law Policy Section (Justice Canada),” May 11, 2008 (on file with author).

p. 132 Wai Chi (Michael) Ng case: Case details and quotes from
R. v. Ng,
[2007] B.C.J. No. 1388, 2007 BCPC 204 per MacLean Prov. Ct. J.

p. 134 “All the offences committed”:
R. v. Ng,
2008 BCCA 535 per Low J.A., para. 23.

p. 134 In January 2008, an Eastern European woman: Leaver (see above).

p. 134 “Credibility, sometimes, can be”: Hamel (see above).

12 Ending Impunity, Offering Hope

p. 139 The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada warns:
Organized Crime and Domestic Trafficking in Persons in Canada
(see above).

p. 139 “Human trafficking?”: Tamara Cherry, “Pimps guilty of trafficking: Prof,”
Toronto Sun
(April 30, 2009), online:
http://www.torontosun.com
(accessed November 17, 2009); see also Joyeuse in
Chapter 7
.

p. 140 “[w]hen we investigated massage parlours”: Montchamp (see above), interview with author, June 11, 2008.

p. 140 “The Special Victims Unit”: Hamel (see above).

p. 140 $250,000 and entailed: Standing Committee on the Status of Women,
Turning Outrage into Action to Address Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in Canada,
39th Parl., 1st Sess. (February 2007) at 43.

p. 142 NGO representatives like Loly Rico: Rico (see above).

p. 142
“If you were a betting individual”: Dr. Scharie Tavcer, Calgary Network on Prostitution and Mount Royal University, Department of Justice Studies, interview with author, September 8, 2008.

p. 143 “escape the influence of traffickers”: Citizenship and Immigration Canada,
IP1: Temporary Resident Permits
(June 19, 2007) at 26, online:
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/manuals/ip/ip01-eng.pdf
(accessed June 8, 2010). Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2010.

p. 144 From May 2006 to November 2008: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 145 The RCMP believed the individuals were: Documents released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 36-39, 46–49.

p. 145 “The dilemma for me”: Pike (see above), interview with author, September 30, 2008.

p. 145 “miscommunication was a problem”: Documents released by CIC, File No. A-2009-01112 at 111 (see above).

p. 146 In June 2007, the RCMP:
Ibid..

p. 146 provide his or her own interpreter:
Ibid.
at 42.

p. 147 “the claimant has been victimized”:
D.J.P. (Re),
[1999] C.R.D.D. No. 155, No. T98-06446, para. 12 (IRB) per José Andrés Sotto and Raza Naqvi (concurring).

p. 147 “While some victims”: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 147 six separate cases: Rico (see above).

p. 148 Protection services: Adapted from
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,
UN Doc. A/55/383 at 25 (2000); UN Doc. A/ RES/55/25 at 4 (2001); 40 ILM 335 (2001) (entered into force December 25, 2003) (“Palermo Protocol”); Laura Barnett, “Trafficking in Persons” (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, revised July 18, 2008) at 16-17, online: Parliament of Canada
www.parl.gc.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 149 One young woman controlled by: Viozzi (see above).

p. 149 “We have to keep the pimp”:
Ibid.

p. 149 “The victim witness protection program”: Hamel (see above).

p. 150 … “urgent and essential':
IP 1 Temporary Resident Permits
at 28 (see above).

p. 152 just 7 percent of foreign trafficking: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 152 eligible to receive income support: Alberta, Employment and Immigration, “Expected to Work/Not Expected to Work Policy & Procedures, 04 Special Groups, Victims of Human Trafficking,”
Alberta Works Policy Manual
(July 4, 2008).

p. 153 British Columbia also extended: Order in Council 219,
B.C. Regulations Bulletin No. 11
(April 11, 2008).

p. 153
“age out”: Anderson and Redsky (see above).

13 From Average Joes to Average Johns

p. 154 Sean's request to the escort agency: Case details and quotes from Hamel (see above).

p. 156 “When you look at all those ads”:
Ibid.

p. 157 “hundreds” of foreign women: Jeff Danroth, sergeant, Vancouver Police Department, interview with author, October 23, 2008.

p. 157 “[i]nternational women formerly in”: Janice G. Raymond & Donna M. Hughes,
Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States: International and Domestic Trends
(March 2001) at 46, online:
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/187774.pdf
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 157 “Indentured sex trade workers”: Rosie DiManno, “Sex slave ‘victims' weren't captives chained to beds,”
Toronto Star
(September 12, 1997) at A7.

p. 158 “Our approach to these women”: Hamel (see above).

p. 158 Jennifer suspected that her husband: Fenn (see above).

p. 159 “Why is there tolerance”: Shared Hope International,
Demand.: A Comparative Examination of Sex Tourism and Trafficking in Jamaica, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States
(Shared Hope International, 2007) at 14.

p. 159 “They go for whatever”: Fenn (see above).

p. 159 “whether or not the woman”: Donna Hughes,
Best Practices to Address the Demand Side of Sex Trafficking
(August 2004) at 3–4.

p. 160 “If nobody knows about”: Fenn (see above).

p. 160 “I have low self-esteem”:
R. v. Nakpangi
at 3–4 (see above).

p. 160 purchasers of sex acts generally do not believe: Steven Sawyer et al., “A Brief Psychoeducational Program for Men Who Patronize Prostitutes” (1998) 26:3
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation
111 at 120.

p. 160 human beings are not born wishing: Bridget Anderson & Julia O'Connell Davidson,
Is Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven? A Multi-Country Pilot Study
(Switzerland: IOM, 2003) at 41.

p. 161 David Ramsay: Unless otherwise noted below, all quotes are from
R. v. Ramsay,
2004 BCSC 756. See also “Former B.C. judge gets 7 years for sex assaults,”
CTV News
(June 2, 2004), online:
http://www.ctv.ca
; “No parole for former judge Ramsay,”
The Vancouver Province
(September 12, 2007), online:
http://www.canada.com/theprovince
(both accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 165 “no meaningful attempt”: Frank Peebles, “Ramsay dies in custody,”
The Prince George Citizen
(January 21, 2008), online:
http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 165 “the average client is”: Stephen Grubman-Black, “Deconstructing John,” presented at
Demand Dynamics: The Forces of Demand in Global Sex Trafficking
(Chicago, Illinois: October 17–18, 2003) at 23.