Intellectuals and Race (25 page)

47
.   Angelo M. Codevilla,
The Character of Nations: How Politics Makes and Breaks Prosperity, Family, and Civility
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 50.

48
.   See Thomas Sowell,
Conquests and Cultures
, pp. 177–184.

49
.   Robert Bartlett,
The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 235.

50
.   Jean W. Sedlar,
East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
, pp. 126–127.

51
.   Stephen Steinberg,
The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America
(New York: Atheneum, 1981), pp. 99–103.

52
.   See, for example, U.S. Bureau of the Census,
We the People: Asians in the United States,
Census 2000 Special Reports, December 2004, p. 6; U.S. Bureau of the Census,
We the People: Hispanics in the United States
, Census 2000 Special
Reports, December 2004, p. 5; U.S. Bureau of the Census,
We the People: Blacks in the United States,
Census 2000 Special Reports, August 2005, p. 4.

53
.   U.S. Bureau of the Census,
We the People: Asians in the United States
, Census 2000 Special Reports, December 2004, p. 6.

54
.   The Economist,
Pocket World in Figures
, 2011 edition, p. 18.

55
.   Oscar Handlin,
Boston’s Immigrants
(New York: Atheneum, 1970), p. 114.

56
.   Carl Wittke,
The Irish in America
(New York: Russell & Russell, 1970), p. 101; Oscar Handlin,
Boston’s Immigrants
, pp. 169–170; Jay P. Dolan,
The Irish Americans: A History
(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), pp. 118–119.

57
.   Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
Harvard Educational Review
, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter 1969), p. 35; Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray,
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
(New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 110.

58
.   Edward C. Banfield,
The Unheavenly City
, revised edition (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 91.

59
.   Moses Rischin,
The Promised City: New York’s Jews 1870–1914
(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 76.

60
.   Louis Wirth,
The Ghetto
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), pp. 204–205.

61
.   E. Franklin Frazier, “The Impact of Urban Civilization Upon Negro Family Life,”
American Sociological Review,
Vol. 2, No. 5 (October 1937), p. 615.

62
.   Jonathan Gill,
Harlem: The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America
(New York: Grove Press, 2011), p. 284.

63
.   Ibid., p. 140.

64
.   Robert F. Foerster,
The Italian Emigration of Our Times
(New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 393; Dino Cinel,
From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 28.

65
.   Samuel L. Baily, “The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914,”
American Historical Review
, April 1983, p. 291; John E. Zucchi,
Italians in Toronto: Development of a National Identity, 1875–1935
(Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), pp. 41, 53–55, 58.

66
.   Lawrence E. Harrison,
Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case
(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1985), p. 164.

Chapter 3: Changing Racial Beliefs

1
.     See, for example, various chapter titles in Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History
, revised edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918).

2
.     Ibid., p. 16.

3
.     Mark H. Haller,
Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1963), p. 11.

4
.     Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race,
revised edition, p. 100. The book was a best-seller according to Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties,
revised edition (New York: Perennial Classics, 2001), p. 203.

5
.     Reports of the Immigration Commission,
The Children of Immigrants in Schools
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), Vol. I, p. 110.

6
.     Carl C. Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), p. xx.

7
.     Ibid., p. 119.

8
.     Robert M. Yerkes,
Psychological Examining in the United States Army,
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921), Vol. 15, pp. 123–292; Carl C. Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence,
pp. 80, 121.

9
.     Rudolph Pintner and Ruth Keller, “Intelligence Tests of Foreign Children,”
Journal of Educational Psychology
, Vol. 13, Issue 4 (April 1922), p. 215.

10
.   Nathaniel D. Mttron Hirsch, “A Study of Natio-Racial Mental Differences,”
Genetic Psychology Monographs
, Vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4 (May and July, 1926), p. 302.

11
.   Otto Klineberg,
Race Differences
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), pp. 183–184.

12
.   Ibid., p. 182. For critiques of the World War I data, from differing points of view, see Audrey M. Shuey,
The Testing of Negro Intelligence
, second edition (New York: Social Science Press, 1966), pp. 310–311; Carl C. Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,”
Psychological Review
, Vol. 37, Issue 2 (March 1930); Thomas Sowell, “Race and IQ Reconsidered,”
Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups
, edited by Thomas Sowell and Lynn D. Collins (Washington: The Urban Institute, 1978), pp. 226–227.

13
.   Carl C. Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence
, p. 190.

14
.   H.H. Goddard, “The Binet Tests in Relation to Immigration,”
Journal of Psycho-Asthenics
, Vol. 18, No. 2 (December 1913), p. 110.

15
.   Quoted in Leon J. Kamin,
The Science and Politics of I.Q.
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974), p. 6.

16
.   Carl Brigham, for example, said, “The decline of American intelligence will be more rapid than the decline of the intelligence of European national groups, owing to the presence here of the negro.” Carl C. Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence
, p. 210.

17
.   “The Control of Births,”
New Republic
, March 6, 1915, p. 114.

18
.   Sidney Webb, “Eugenics and the Poor Law: The Minority Report,”
Eugenics Review
, Vol. II (April 1910-January 1911), p. 240; Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 216.

19
.   Richard Overy,
The Twilight Years: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars
(New York: Viking, 2009), pp. 93, 105, 106, 107, 124–127.

20
.   Matthew Pratt Guterl,
The Color of Race in America: 1900–1940
(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 67.

21
.   Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race
, revised edition, p. 17.

22
.   Ibid., p. 48.

23
.   Ibid., p. 60.

24
.   Ibid., p. 77.

25
.   Ibid., p. 32.

26
.   Ibid., p. 19.

27
.   Ibid., p. 20.

28
.   Ibid., p. 104.

29
.   Ibid., p. 257.

30
.   Ibid., p. 258.

31
.   Ibid., p. 260.

32
.   Ibid., p. 101.

33
.   Ibid., p. 105.

34
.   Ibid., p. xxi.

35
.   Ibid., p. 49.

36
.   Ibid., p. 58.

37
.   Ibid., p. 59.

38
.   Ibid., p. 89.

39
.   Ibid., p. 16.

40
.   Ibid., p. 91.

41
.   Ibid., p. 263.

42
.   Jonathan Peter Spiro,
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
(Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009), pp. 6, 10, 17, 22–34.

43
.   “Scientific Books,”
Science
, Vol. 48, No. 1243 (October 25, 1918), p. 419.

44
.   Madison Grant,
The Conquest of a Continent or the Expansion of Races in America
(York, SC: Liberty Bell Publications, 2004), p. xii.

45
.   Jonathan Peter Spiro,
Defending the Master Race
, pp. 98, 99.

46
.   Edward Alsworth Ross,
The Principles of Sociology
(New York: The Century Co., 1920), p. 63.

47
.   Edward Alsworth Ross, “Who Outbreeds Whom?”
Proceedings of the Third Race Betterment Conference
(Battle Creek, Michigan: Race Betterment Foundation, 1928), p. 77.

48
.   Edward Alsworth Ross,
The Old World in the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People
(New York: The Century Company, 1914), pp. 285–286.

49
.   Ibid., p. 288.

50
.   Ibid., pp. 288–289.

51
.   Ibid., p. 293.

52
.   Ibid., p. 295.

53
.   “Social Darwinism,”
American Journal of Sociology
, Vol. 12, No. 5 (March 1907), p. 715.

54
.   Edward A. Ross, “The Causes of Race Superiority,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
Vol. 18 (July 1901), p. 89.

55
.   Ibid., p. 85.

56
.   Francis A. Walker, “Methods of Restricting Immigration,”
Discussions in Economics and Statistics,
Volume II:
Statistics, National Growth, Social Economics
, edited by Davis R. Dewey (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1899), p. 430.

57
.   Ibid., p. 432.

58
.   Francis A. Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,” Ibid., p. 438.

59
.   Ibid., p. 447.

60
.   Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 211.

61
.   
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1872
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872), p. 11.

62
.   Richard T. Ely, “Fraternalism vs. Paternalism in Government,”
The Century Magazine
, Vol. 55, No. 5 (March 1898), p. 781.

63
.   Richard T. Ely, “The Price of Progress,”
Administration,
Vol. III, No. 6 (June 1922), p. 662.

64
.   Sidney Fine, “Richard T. Ely, Forerunner of Progressivism, 1880–1901,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, Vol. 37, No. 4 (March 1951), pp. 604, 609.

65
.   Ibid., p. 610.

66
.   Ibid., p. 603.

67
.   “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; Noted Economist,”
New York Times
, October 5, 1943, p. 25; Richard T. Ely, “Fraternalism vs. Paternalism in Government,”
The Century Magazine,
Vol. 55, No. 5 (March 1898), p. 784.

68
.   “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; Noted Economist,”
New York Times
, October 5, 1943, p. 25.

69
.   Thomas C. Leonard, “Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 2005), p. 215.

70
.   Ibid., p. 214.

71
.   Ibid., p. 221.

72
.   Ibid., p. 212.

73
.   Ibid., p. 213.

74
.   Ibid., p. 216.

75
.   Ibid.

76
.   William E. Spellman, “The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross,”
American Journal of Economics and Sociology
, Vol. 38, No. 2 (April 1979), pp. 129–140; Howard W. Odum, “Edward Alsworth Ross: 1866–1951,”
Social Forces
, Vol. 30, No. 1 (October 1951), pp. 126–127; John L. Gillin, “In Memoriam: Edward Alsworth Ross,”
The Midwest Sociologist
, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Fall 1951), p. 18.

77
.   Edward Alsworth Ross,
Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography
(New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936), pp. 97–98.

78
.   Julius Weinberg,
Edward Alsworth Ross and the Sociology of Progressivism
(Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1972), p. 136.

79
.   William E. Spellman, “The Economics of Edward Alsworth Ross,”
American Journal of Economics and Sociology,
Vol. 38, No. 2 (April 1979), p. 130.

80
.   Edward Alsworth Ross,
Sin and Society: An Analysis of Latter-Day Iniquity
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1907), pp. ix–xi.

81
.   Edward Alsworth Ross,
Seventy Years of It
, p. 98.

82
.   Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,”
The Economic Journal
, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), p. 133; “Dr. R.T. Ely Dies; Noted Economist,”
New York Times
, October 5, 1943, p. 25.