Insectopedia (71 page)

22.
Jo-shui Chen,
Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T’ang China, 773–819
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 32. Also, Anthony DeBlasi,
Reform in the Balance: The Defense of Literary Culture in Mid-Tang China
(Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2002), and Richard E. Strassberg,
Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China
(Berkeley: University of California, 1994).

23.
Richard E. Strassberg,
Inscribed Landscapes
, 141; Liu Zongyuan, “My First Excursion to West Mountain,” in Strassberg,
Inscribed Landscapes
, 141.

24.
Liu Zongyuan quoted in Chou Io,
A History of Chinese Entomology
, trans. Wang Siming (Xi’an, China: Tianze Press, 1990), 174 (translation amended).

25.
Liu Zongyuan,
Liu Tsung-yüan chi
[
Collected Works of Liu Zongyuan
] (Beijing: Zhong Hua Books, 1979), quoted in Chen,
Liu Tsung-yüan
, 112.

26.
Karl von Frisch,
Ten Little Housemates
, trans. Margaret D. Senft (New York: Pergamon Press, 1960), 141.

27.
Ibid., 84.

28.
Ibid., 107–8.

29.
Roger Caillois, “The Praying Mantis: From Biology to Psychoanalysis,” in
Edge of Surrealism
, 79.

30.
Von Frisch,
Ten Little Housemates
, 107–8.

1.
Kawasaki’s website can be found at
http://ww3.ocn.ne.jp/∼fulukon/
.

2.
See Miyazaki’s manga in Yoro Takeshi and Miyazaki Hayao,
Mushime to anime
(Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten, 2002). Reports from 2003 suggest that the city government of Nagoya was hoping to build a development based on Miyazaki and Arakawa’s designs.

3.
Matsuo Basho quoted in
Haiku
, vol. 3,
Summer–Autumn
, ed. and trans. R. H. Blyth (Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1952), 229.

4.
Lafcadio Hearn,
Shadowings
(Tokyo: Tuttle, 1971), 101.

5.
See K. Takeuchi, R. D. Brown, I. Washitani, A. Tsunekawa, and M. Yokohari,
Satoyama: The Traditional Rural Landscape of Japan
(Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 2003).

6.
See, for example, Yasuhiko Kasahara’s Kay’s Beetle Breeding Hobby,
http://www.geocities.com/kaytheguru
. It is worth noting that Japan has long been the world leader in insect breeding. To the best of my knowledge, the country’s butterfly
houses are still the only ones in which the animals are raised on-site rather than bought in as pupae.

7.
See Harumi Befu,
Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron
(Melbourne, Australia: Trans Pacific Press, 2001). On Japanese ideas of nature, see Arne Kalland and Pamela J. Asquith, “Japanese Perceptions of Nature: Ideals and Illusions” and other chapters in
Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perceptions
, ed. Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland (Richmond, U.K.: Curzon Press, 1997); Julia Adeney Thomas,
Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in Japanese Political Ideology
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); and Tessa Morris-Suzuki,
Re-Inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998). All of these authors work hard to historicize what is sometimes regarded—both inside and outside Japan—as a timeless and unique Japanese relationship with nature, showing how ideas of nature have taken particular forms at particular moments and trying to make sense of the coexistence of a widely held ideology of oneness with nature and long-standing commercial practices that have produced large-scale environmental destruction.

8.
Tsunoda Tadanobu,
The Japanese Brain: Uniqueness and Universality
, trans. Yoshinori Oiwa (Tokyo: Taishukan, 1985). For a scathing response that locates Tsunoda’s work in the context of nationalist
nihonjinron
, see Peter Dale, “The Voice of the Cicadas: Linguistic Uniqueness, Tsunoda Tadanobu’s Theory of the Japanese Brain and Some Classical Perspectives,”
Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics
1, no. 6 (1993).

9.
Shoko Kameoka and Hisako Kiyono,
A Survey of the Rhinoceros Beetle and Stag Beetle Market in Japan
(Tokyo: TRAFFIC East Asia—Japan, 2003), 47.

10.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO),
Marketing Guidebook for Major Imported Products 2004
, vol. 3,
Sports and Hobbies
(Tokyo: JETRO, 2004), 235.

11.
Kouichi Goka, Hiroshi Kojima, and Kimiko Okabe, “Biological Invasion Caused by Commercialization of Stag Beetles in Japan,”
Global Environmental Research
8, no. 1 (2004): 67.

12.
A survey of insect stores in Tokyo carried out by TRAFFIC East Asia, the regional network monitoring the wildlife trade, found two imported
Dorcus antaeus
stag beetles—a species classed as “nondetrimental” but whose collection is banned in its countries of origin—each selling for U.S. $3,344. See Kameoka and Kiyono,
Survey.

13.
Goka, Kojima, and Okabe, “Biological Invasion.”

14.
Stag beetles can live up to five years, much longer than rhinoceros beetles, hence their relatively higher price. See T. R. New, “‘Inordinate Fondness’: A Threat to Beetles in South East Asia?,”
Journal of Insect Conservation
9 (2005): 147.

15.
Kameoka and Kiyono,
Survey
, 41.

16.
JETRO,
Marketing Guidebook
, 3:242.

17.
Kameoka and Kiyono,
Survey.

18.
See Goka, Kojima, and Okabe, “Biological Invasion,” for a detailed discussion of these concerns; see also Kameoka and Kiyono,
Survey
; and New, “‘Inordinate Fondness.’”

19.
Goka, Kojima, and Okabe, “Biological Invasion.”

20.
Yajima Minoru,
Mushi ni aete yokatta
[
I Am Happy That I Met Insects
] (Tokyo:
Froebel-kan, 2004), 42. I am grateful to Yumiko Iwasaki for all translations from this book and those in note 20 below.

21.
Konishi Masayasu,
Mushi no bunkashi
[
A Cultural History of Insects
] (Tokyo: Asahi Sensho, 1992), 29–30. For synoptic histories of Japanese insect culture, see also Konishi’s
Mushi no hakubutsushi
[
A Natural History of Insects
] (Tokyo: Asahi Sesho, 1993), and Kasai Masaaki,
Mushi to Nihon bunka
[
Insects and Japanese Culture
] (Tokyo: Daikosha, 1997), and for a review of these and other accounts, see Norma Field’s “Jean Henri Fabre and Insect Life in Modern Japan” (unpublished manuscript, n.d.), courtesy of the author.

22.
Like all other narrators of this history (including everyone whom CJ and I spoke to about this), Konishi also emphasizes the collecting work in Japan by three foreign naturalists: Engelbert Kaempfer, Carl Peter Thunberg, and Philipp Franz von Siebold. All three returned to Europe to publish accounts of Japanese fauna, including insects (Kaempfer’s work was published posthumously in 1727; Thunberg’s was published in 1781; and Siebold’s in 1832), contributions that stand as the initial contact of Japanese nature with formal Western science.

23.
The literature on the emergence of European science is, not surprisingly, huge. For a nuanced introductory view of the European scientific revolution, see Steven Shapin,
The Scientific Revolution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). In
The Formation of Science in Japan: Building a Research Tradition
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), James R. Bartholomew argues that institutional and social continuities from the Tokugawa period provided the basis for the rapid development of Japanese science in the Meiji period. For an interesting account of the ways in which scientific knowledge and institutions can travel, see Gyan Prakash,
Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999). For a programmatic revision of conventional scientific histories of the leap from pre-modern to modern, see Bruno Latour,
We Have Never Been Modern
, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).

24.
Shiga Usuke,
Nihonichi no konchu-ya
[
The Best Insect Shop in Japan
] (Tokyo: Bunchonbunko, 2004). Thanks to Hisae Kawamori for translations from this book.

25.
See government of Japan, Ministry of the Environment, “List of Regulated Living Organisms under the Invasive Alien Species Act,” law 78, June 2, 2004,
http://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/1outline/files/siteisyu_list_e.pdf
.

1.
My thanks to Barrett Klein for introducing me to the literature on this topic.

Abbas, Ackbar. “Play it Again Shanghai: Urban Preservation in the Global Era.” In
Shanghai Reflections: Architecture, Urbanism and the Search for an Alternative Modernity
, edited by Mario Gandelsonas, 37–55. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.

Abramson, Charles I., ed.
Selected Papers and Biography of Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923). Pioneer in the Comparative Animal Behavior Movement.
New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.

Achebe, Chinua.
Things Fall Apart.
London: Heinneman, 1976.

Aldrovandi, Ulisse.
De animalibus insectis libri septem.
1602.

Almog, Shmuel. “Alfred Nossig: A Reappraisal.”
Studies in Zionism
7, (1983): 1–29.

Alpha Gado, Boureima.
Une histoire des famines au Sahel: étude des grandes crises alimentaires, XIXe–XXe siécles
[
A History of Famine in Sahel: A Study of the Great Food Crises, Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries
]. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1993.

Aly, Götz, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross.
Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene.
Translated by Belinda Cooper. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

Appelfeld, Aharon.
The Iron Tracks.
Translated by Jeffrey M. Green. New York: Schocken Books, 1999.

Aristotle.
Generation of Animals.
Translated by A. L. Peck. Cambridge, Mass.: Loeb Classical Library/Harvard University Press, 1979.

———.
History of Animals.
Translated by A. L. Peck. 3 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Loeb Classical Library/Harvard University Press, 1984.

———.
Parts of Animals. Movement of Animals. Progression of Animals.
Translated by A. L. Peck and E. S. Forster. Cambridge, Mass.: Loeb Classical Library/Harvard University Press, 1968.

Aschheim, Steven E.
Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in German and German-Jewish Consciousness, 1800–1923.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.

Atran, Scott.
Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Backus, Robert, trans.
The Riverside Counselor’s Stories: Vernacular Fiction of Late Heian Japan.
Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985.

Bacon, Francis.
Sylva sylvarum: or a Naturall History in Ten Centuries.
London, 1627.

Bachelard, Gaston.
The Poetics of Space.
Translated by Maria Jolas. New York: Beacon Press, 1969.

Bagemihl, Bruce.
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

Bartholomew, James R.
The Formation of Science in Japan: Building a Research Tradition.
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.

Bataille, Georges.
The Tears of Eros.
Translated by Peter Connor. San Francisco: City Lights, 1989.

Bauman, Zygmunt. “Allosemitism: Premodern, Modern, Postmodern.” In Modernity, Culture, and “the Jew,” edited by Bryan Cheyette and Laura Marcus. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Universtiy Press, 1998.