India After Gandhi (152 page)
Read India After Gandhi Online
Authors: Ramachandra Guha
Tags: #History, #Asia, #General, #General Fiction
| Quoted in the New Indian Express, 30 August 2005. See also Bina Agarwal, A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Asha Nayar-Basu, ‘Of Fathers and Sons’, The Telegraph (Kolkata), 11 October 2005. | |
| Anon., ‘A Blueprint for Mizoram’, Grassroots Options, monsoon 1999; Sudipta Bhattacharjee, ‘How to be Thirteenth Time Lucky’, The Telegraph (Kolkata), 30 June 1999; Nitin Gokhale, ‘Meghna Naidu in Aizawl’, Tehelka, 9 October 2004. | |
| Sarabjit Singh, Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002), esp. chapters 22–30. | |
| See Anne Vaugier-Chatterjee, ‘Strains on Punjab Governance: An Assessment of the Badal Government (1997–1999)’, International Journal of Punjab Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, 2000. | |
| See ‘The Dynamic Sikhs’, cover story in Outlook , 29 March 1999. | |
| Singh, Operation Black Thunder , p. 338. |
27. R
IOTS
| Guru Golwalkar, ‘Total Prohibition of Cow-Slaughter’, Hitavada , 26 October 1952, emphasis in original. | |
| Richard H. Davis, ‘The Iconography of Rama’s Chariot’, in David Ludden, ed., Making India Hindu: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, 2nd edn (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996). | |
| Ibid., p. 46. | |
| Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to the 1990s (New Delhi: Penguin India, 1999), pp. 420–2. | |
| See Paul Brass, The Production of Hindu–Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 110-23. | |
| See Manjari Katju, Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003), p. 65. | |
| Madhav Godbole, Unfinished Innings: Recollections and Reflections of a Civil Servant (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1996), pp. 344–53. | |
| See P. V. Narasimha Rao, Ayodhya: 6 December 1992 (New Delhi: Viking, 2006), pp. 99–100. | |
| Godbole, Unfinished Innings , p. 363. | |
| Quoted in Sunday , 6–12 December 1992. | |
| This account of the demolition of the Babri Masjid is based, in the main, on Dilip Awasthi, ‘A Nation’s Shame’, India Today , 31 December 1992. But see also Harinder Baweja, ‘Today, 10 Years Ago: What Really Happened’, Asian Age , 6 December 2002. | |
| The conversation was reported in Sunday , 13–19 December 1992. | |
| K. R. Malkani, The Politics of Ayodhya and Hindu – Muslim Relations (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1993), pp. 3–4. | |
| Quoted in Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, ‘The Wrecking Crew’, Frontline, 1 January 1993. | |
| Arun Shourie, ‘The Buckling State’, in Jitendra Bajaj, ed., Ayodhya and the Future India (Madras: Centre for Policy Studies, 1993), pp. 47–70. | |
| Francine R. Frankel, India’s Political Economy, 1947–2004: The Gradual Revolution , 2nd edn (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 714–15. | |
| ‘Bloody Aftermath’, India Today , 31 December 1992. | |
| Clarence Fernandez and Naresh Fernandes, ‘The Winter of Discontent’, in Dileep Padgaonkar, ed., When Bombay Burned (New Delhi: UBSPD, 1993), pp. 12–41. | |
| Kalpana Sharma, ‘Chronicle of a Riot Foretold’, in Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner, eds, Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 277. | |
| Translated from the Marathi and quoted in Vaibhav Purandare, The Sena Story (Mumbai: Business Publications, 1999), p. 369. | |
| Clarence Fernandez and Naresh Fernandes, ‘A City at War with Itself’, in Padgaonkar, When Bombay Burned , pp. 42–104; Sharma, ‘Chronicle’, pp. 278–86. | |
| Behram Contractor, ‘Bombay Has Lost its Character’, Afternoon Dispatch and Courier, 10 January 1993, reprinted in ‘Busybee’, When Bombay was Bombed: Best of 1992–3 (Bombay: Oriana Books, 2004). | |
| Quoted in Lise McKean, Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 315. | |
| Asoka Mehta, The Political Mind of India (Bombay: Socialist Party, 1952), p. 38. | |
| Taya and Maurice Zinkin, ‘The Indian General Elections’, The World Today , vol. 8, no. 5, May 1952. | |
| Susanne Hoeber and Lloyd I. Rudolph, ‘The Centrist Future of Indian Politics’, Asian Survey, vol. 20, no. 6, June 1980. | |
| See the evidence and testimonies in Peter Gottschalk, Beyond HinduandMuslim: Multiple Identities in Narratives from Village India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001). | |
| Khadar Mohiuddin, ‘Birthmark’, in Velcheru Narayana Rao, ed. and trans., TwentiethCentury Telugu Poetry: An Anthology (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 221–7. | |
| D. R. Goyal, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 2nd edn (New Delhi: Radhakrishna Prakashan, 2000), pp. 17–18. For a fuller exposition of this ideology, and from the horse’s mouth as it were, see M. S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts (Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan, 1966). | |
| On the growth of the RSS since 1947 see, among other works, Tapan Basu et al., Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1993); Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Pralay Kanungo, ‘Hindutva’s Entry into a “Hindu Province”: Early Years of RSS in Orissa’, Economic and Political Weekly , 2 August 2003; Nandini Sundar, ‘Teaching to Hate: RSS’s Pedagogical Programme’, Economic and Political Weekly , 17 April 2004. | |
| Cf. Thomas Blom Hansen, Urban Violence in India: Identity Politics, ‘ Mumbai ’ , and the Postcolonial City (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001), p. 85. | |
| Neerja Chowdhury, ‘Sonia Takes a Political Dip at the Kumbh’, New Indian Express , 20 January 2001. | |
| On this last incident, see The Telegraph (Kolkata), 25 January 1999. | |
| On the latter question see P. N. Mari Bhatt and A. J. Francis Zavier, ‘Role of Religion in Fertility Decline: The Case of Indian Muslims’, Economic and Political Weekly , 29 January 2005. | |
| See Ashish Sharma, ‘Losing their Religion’, Express Magazine , 9 July 2000. | |
| This paragraph draws upon, among other works, M. K. A. Siddiqui, Muslims in Free India: Their Social Profile and Problems (New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 1998); Abusaleh Shariff, ‘On the Margins: Muslims in a State of Socio-Economic Decline’, Times of India, 22 October 2004; Yogendra Sikand, ‘Lessons of the Past: Madrasa Education in South Asia’, Himal, vol. 14, no. 11, November 2001, and ‘Countering Fundamentalism: The Ban on SIMI’, Economic and Political Weekly , 6 October 2001; Arjumand Ara, ‘Madrasas and Making of Muslim Identity in India’, Economic and Political Weekly , 3 January 2004. | |
| Navnita Chadha Behera, State, Identity and Violence: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (New Delhi: Manohar, 2000), p. 179. | |
| Sonia Jabbar, ‘Spirit of Place’, in Civil Lines 5: New Writing from India (New Delhi: IndiaInk, 2001), pp. 28–9. | |
| Cf. reports in The Telegraph (Kolkata), 1 April 1990; in Frontline , 14– 27 April 1990; Illustrated Weekly of India , 17 June 1990; Times of India , 11 February 1991. See also Alexander Evans, ‘A Departure from History: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001’, Contemporary South Asia, vol . 11, no. 1, 2002. | |
| Cf. Praveen Swami, ‘The Nadimarg Outrage’, Frontline , 25 April 2003. | |
| This paragraph is based on Hasan Abbas, Pakistan ’ s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America ’ s War on Terror (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2005), chapters 9 and 10. The Tariq Ali quote comes from his The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads, and Modernity (London: Verso, 2002), p. 196. | |
| Yoginder Sikand, ‘Changing Course of Kashmiri Struggle: From National Liberation to Islamist Jihad’, Economic and Political Weekly, 20 January 2001. | |
| Pamela Constable, ‘Selective Truths’, in S. Thakur et al., Guns and Yellow Roses: Essays on the Kargil War (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1999), p. 52; Hafiz Mohammed Saeed, interviewed by Amir Mir in Outlook , 23 July 2001. | |
| Cf. Anil Nauriya, ‘The Destruction of a Historic Party’, Mainstream , 17 August 2002; Praveen Swami, ‘The Killing of Lone’, Frontline, 21 June 2002. | |
| News report in the Times of India , 24 January 1990; Joshua Hammer, ‘Srinagar Dispatch’, New Republic , 12 November 2001. | |
| Reeta Chowdhuri-Tremblay, ‘Differing Responses to the Parliamentary and Assembly Elections in Kashmir’s Regions, and State-Societal Relations’, in Paul Wallace and Ramashray Roy, eds, India ’ s 1999 Elections and 20th-Century Politics (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003). | |
| Prabhu Ghate, ‘Kashmir: The Dirty War’, Economic and Political Weekly, 26 January 2002. | |
| Jaleel, ‘I Have Seen my Country Die’, The Telegraph (Kolkata), 26 May 2002. | |
| James Buchan, ‘Kashmir’, Granta , no. 57, spring 1997, p. 66. | |
| See A. G. Noorani, ed., The Babri Masjid Question , vol. 2 (New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2003), pp. 197ff. | |
| See Jyoti Punwani, ‘The Carnage at Godhra’, in Siddharth Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002). | |
| Ashutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), esp. pp. 229–30, 240–1, 275–7; Jan Breman, ‘Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape’, in Ramachandra Guha and Jonathan Parry, eds, Institutions and Inequalities: Essays for Andr é Béteille (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Udit Chaudhuri, ‘Gujarat: The Riots and the Larger Decline’, Economic and Political Weekly , 2–9November 2002. | |
| Nandini Sundar, ‘A Licence to Kill: Patterns of Violence in Gujarat’, in Varadarajan, Gujarat; Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth, The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005), chapter 11; report by Ashis Chakrabarti in The Telegraph (Kolkata), 18 May 2002. |
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