Ike's Spies (53 page)

29.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 567.

1.
Mark Clark,
Calculated Risk
, p. 66.

2.
Arthur Funk,
The Politics of Torch
, pp. 133–34; Robert Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
, p. 118; Harry Butcher,
My Three Years with Eisenhower
, pp. 144–47; Clark,
Calculated Risk
, p. 67; Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, pp. 105–6; Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
, p. 58.

3.
Interview with Eisenhower, October 7, 1965; Clark,
Calculated Risk
, pp. 67–68.

4.
Clark,
Calculated Risk
, pp. 71–72.

5.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 106.

6.
Butcher,
My Three Years
, pp. 147–54.

7.
Ibid., pp. 152–57; Clark,
Calculated Risk
, pp. 73–89.

8.
Clark,
Calculated Risk
, p. 90.

9.
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, p. 88.

10.
The best discussion is in Funk,
Politics of Torch
, pp. 149–59.

11.
Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
, p. 120.

12.
Ibid., pp. 120–21.

13.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 666.

14.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 668–69; Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 113–15.

15.
Brown,
Secret History of the OSS
, pp. 143–45.

16.
Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story
, p. 244.

17.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 606.

18.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 117.

1.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 677.

2.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 680.

3.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 693.

4.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, pp. 116–17.

5.
Details are available in a secret O
SS
Report, M.I.9 (R.P.S.), 1218, January 20, 1943, in Modern Military Branch, National Archives.

6.
Harry Butcher's diary, November 8, 1942, in Eisenhower Manuscripts, Abilene, Kansas.

7.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 686–88.

8.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 699.

9.
Butcher's diary, November 13, 1942.

10.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 123.

11.
Arthur Funk,
The Politics of Torch
, p. 255.

12.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 711.

13.
Funk,
Politics of Torch
, p. 252.

14.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 707.

15.
For a typical text, see RG 226, Records of the OSS, #28564, November 11, 1942, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

16.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 130–32.

17.
Interview with Milton Stover Eisenhower.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
, pp. 150–51.

21.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 134.

22.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,048.

23.
Harold Macmillan,
The Blast of War
, p. 174.

24.
Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
, p. 143.

25.
Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
, p. 64.

26.
Ibid., pp. 62–65.

27.
Rosfelder's remarkable story is in an obscure memo publication called
Today in France
(No. 99, January 1972), the newsletter of the Society of French-American Affairs in New York City. I want to thank Dr. Arthur Funk for bringing this document to my attention.

28.
New York
Times
, December 26, 27, and 28, 1942.

29.
Butcher's diary, December 26, 1942.

30.
Ibid.

31.
M. R. D. Foot to author, February 26, 1979; author's possession.

32.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 148;
Newsweek
, January 4, 1943.

33.
Today in France
, No. 99, January-February 1972.

34.
Newsweek
, January 4, 1943.

35.
New York
Times
, December 26, 1942.

36.
Smith,
OSS
, p. 64.

37.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 869; Arthur Funk,
Charles de Gaulle—The Crucial Years
, pp. 61–62.

38.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 870.

39.
Smith,
OSS
, p. 65.

40.
London
Times
, December 30 and 31, 1942, and January 1, 1943; evidently the
Times
did not have a man in Algiers, for it took its stories from Charles Collingwood's radio broadcasts.

41.
See document XL 6203, Record Group 226, Records of the OSS, Modern Military Branch, National Archives.

42.
Smith,
OSS
, pp. 65–66.

43.
Letter, Collingwood to author, September 13, 1978, author's possession.

44.
Peter Tompkins,
The Murder of Admiral Darlan: A Study in Conspiracy
, pp. 270–71.

45.
Ibid.

46.
The full message is in U. S. Dept. of State,
Foreign Relations of the U.S., Diplomatic Papers
, 1943, 6 vols., Washington, 1963–65, vol. II,
Europe
, pp. 23–24.

47.
XL 923, Record Group 226, Records of the OSS, June 19, 1944, in Modern Military Branch, National Archives.

48.
Ibid.

49.
Tompkins,
Murder of Darlan
, pp. 270–71.

50.
Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
, p. 143.

51.
Tompkins,
Murder of Darlan
, p. 272.

52.
Clark,
Calculated Risk
, p. 130.

53.
Butcher's diary, January 4, 1943.

1.
Martin Blumenson,
Kasserine Pass
, pp. 1–71; Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, pp. 167–69.

2.
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
, pp. 141–47.

3.
Blumenson,
Kasserine
, pp. 94–95; Eisenhower,
Crusade
, p. 142.

4.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 170.

5.
Blumenson,
Kasserine
, p. 163.

6.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 171.

7.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 969. After this book had gone to the galley proof stage, Michael Foot informed me that it was all a cover. Mockler-Ferryman had correctly picked up from Ultra the impending attack, but the American corps commander would not listen. Ike fired the American general. To give balance for the sake of Anglo-American relations, he also “fired” the Mock, sending the message to Marshall, quoted above in a low-level cipher in the hope the Germans would pick it up. According to the cover story, the Mock returned to London in disgrace, where he took up work with the Boy Scouts. In fact, he became head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) that ran the French Resistance.

8.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 971.

9.
Harry Butcher's diary, February 20, 1943; see also Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story
, pp. 273–74.

10.
Harold Deutsch, “The Influence of Ultra on World War II,” in
Parameters: Journal of the U. S. Army War College
, Vol. VIII (December 1978), p. 6.

11.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,034.

12.
Butcher's diary, February 20, 1943.

13.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,014.

14.
Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, pp. 311, 370.

15.
Ibid., p. 280.

16.
F. W. Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, p. 158.

17.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,249.

18.
Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,253–54.

19.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 281; letter, Gavin to author, March 26, 1979. Gavin admitted that only British six-pounders would have done the job, and they were not readily available.

20.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, pp. 248–49.

21.
Marshall's letter to Eisenhower of March 15, 1944, is in Modern Military Records, National Archives.

22.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 250.

23.
Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra from Omaha Beach to Weimar, Germany—A Personal View,” in
Military Affairs
, vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 131.

24.
“Synthesis of Experiences in the Use of Ultra Intelligence by U. S. Army Field Commands in the European Theater of Operations,” Record Group 457, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 262.

27.
Anthony Cave Brown, ed.,
The Secret War Report of the OSS
, pp. 189–90.

28.
Ibid., pp. 190–91; Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
, p. 86.

29.
Smith,
OSS
, p. 105.

30.
Ibid., p. 86; Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, p. 191.

31.
Brown, ed.,
Secret War Report of OSS
, pp. 192–93.

32.
Smith,
OSS
, pp. 88–89.

33.
Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
, pp. 164–65; Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 281.

34.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 270–71.

35.
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 283.

36.
Ibid., pp. 285–86; Deutsch, “The Influence of Ultra …,” p. 9.

1.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,673.

2.
Anthony Cave Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 426.

3.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,656; Dwight D. Eisenhower,
At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends
, p. 269.

4.
Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 409.

5.
J. C. Masterman,
The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945
, p. xiv.

6.
Ibid., p. 145.

7.
Earl Ziemke, “Operation Kreml: Deception, Strategy, and the Fortunes of War,”
Parameters; Journal of the U. S. Army War College
, Vol. IX (March 1979), pp. 72–81.

8.
Harry Butcher's diary, May 12, 1944; Eisenhower to Swede Hazlett, January 23, 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Papers as President, 1953–1961 (Whitman File), Diary Series, “1956, Misc. (2),” Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. (Hereafter cited as Dwight D. Eisenhower Library).

9.
Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 436.

10.
David Kahn,
Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II
, pp. 488–89.

11.
Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 464.

12.
Ibid., p. 465.

13.
Ibid., pp. 466–67; Masterman,
Double-Cross
, pp. 150–56.

14.
Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, p. 472; Ronald Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
, p. 333.

15.
Masterman,
Double-Cross
, p. 146.

16.
Eisenhower to Marshall, September 20, 1943, Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,439.

17.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,840; Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
, pp. 343–45.

18.
Butcher's diary, June 12, 1943.

19.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,853; Forrest C. Pogue,
The Supreme Command
, Appendix A, “SHAEF and the Press.”

20.
Sir Kenneth Strong,
Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer
, p. 118.

21.
Ibid., p. 182.

22.
Masterman,
Double-Cross
, p. 156.

23.
Kahn,
Hitler's Spies
, p. 496.

24.
G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Build Up Against OVERLORD, May 5, 1944, SHAEF SGS 350.09/3, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

25.
Ibid. See also German Appreciation of Allied Intentions Regarding OVERLORD, May 29, 1944, SHAEF SGS 350.09/2, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,746.

28.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,761–62; Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 402.

29.
Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,814; Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, pp. 401–2; Kahn,
Hitler's Spies
, p. 507.

30.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 403.

31.
Ibid., p. 404; Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, pp. 532–33.

32.
Ambrose,
Supreme Commander
, p. 403.

33.
Brown,
Bodyguard of Lies
, pp. 540–41.

34.
Leslie Groves,
Now It Can Be Told—The Story of the Manhattan Project
, pp. 199–206; Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,859–60.