I Am Not a Slut: Slut-Shaming in the Age of the Internet (43 page)

84
       Ibid., 20.

85
       Ibid., 29.

86
       American Society of Plastic Surgeons,
Plastic Surgery for Teenagers Briefing Paper
, undated, http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/briefing-papers/plastic-surgery-for-teenagers.html.

87
       “Transcript: Cosmetic Surgery and Teens,”
Washington Post
, October 26, 2004, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63931-2004Oct26.html.

88
       Rosalind Gill, “From Sexual Objectification to Sexual Subjectification: The Resexualization of Women’s Bodies in the Media,”
Feminist Media Studies
3, no. 1 (2003): 100–106, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2009/gill230509.html.

89
       Ibid.

90
       The cartoon, by Peter Steiner, was published in
The New Yorker
on July 5, 1993. See Glenn Fleishman, “Cartoon Captures Spirit of the Internet,”
New York Times
, December 14, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/12/14/technology/cartoon-captures-spirit-of-the-internet.html.

91
       Sherry Turkle,
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 11, 263.

92
       Sherry Turkle,
Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology and Less From Each Other
(New York: Basic Books, 2011), 166.

93
       Ibid., 251.

94
       Ibid., 181.

95
       Ibid., 251.

96
       danah boyd, “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications,” in
A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites
, ed. Zizi Papacharissi (New York: Routledge, 2011), 45.

97
       Katherine Losse,
The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network
(New York: Free Press, 2012), 174.

98
       Katherine Losse, “Feminism’s Tipping Point: Who Wins from Leaning In?,”
Dissent
, March 26, 2013, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/feminisms-tipping-point-who-wins-from-leaning-in.

99
       Sean Silverthorne, “Understanding Users of Social Networks,”
Harvard Business School Working Knowledge
(blog), September 14, 2009, http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6156.html.

100
     Cited in James P. Steyer,
Talking Back to Facebook: The Common Sense Guide to Raising Kids in the Digital Age
(New York: Scribner, 2012), 27. Nass discussed the research, which has not yet been published, with Steyer in a personal interview on May 19, 2011, at Stanford University.

101
     Kelly Schryver, “Keeping Up Appearances,” (unpublished honors thesis, Brown University, 2011). Cited in Steyer,
Talking Back
, 27.

102
     Julie Zeilinger,
A Little F’d Up: Why Feminism Is Not a Dirty Word
(Berkeley, CA: Seal, 2012), 155.

103
     Ibid.

104
     Ibid.

105
     Michael Stefanone, Derek Lackaff, and Devan Rosen, “We’re All Stars Now: Reality Television, Web 2.0, and Mediated Identities,” in
Hypertext ’08: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia
, June 19–21, 2008, Pittsburgh, PA, 107, 108.

106
     Jenna Wortham, “Facebook Made Me Do It,”
New York Times
, June 15, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/sunday-review/facebook-made-me-do-it.html.

107
     Claire Hoffman, “The Battle for Facebook,”
Rolling Stone
, September 15, 2010, www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-battle-for-facebook-20100915.

108
     Losse,
Boy Kings
, 127–28.

109
     Danielle Wiener-Bronner, “Justin Doody’s ‘Rate BU’ Web Site Angers Students,”
Huffington Post
, December 8, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/08/justin-doodys-rate-bu-sit_n_793248.html.

110
     Gregory Gomer, “Updated: The Social Network Prompts Student to Reincarnate Facemash, BU-Style,”
BostInno
(blog), December 8, 2010, http://bostinno.streetwise.co/2010/12/08/the-social-network-prompts-student-to-reincarnate-facemash-bu-style/, accessed April 30, 2013. The student’s comment has since been removed.

111
     Britney Fitzgerald, “One in Four Women Deliberately Posts Unflattering Pictures of Facebook Friends, Survey Finds,”
Huffington Post
,
July 3, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/03/one-in-four-women-unflattering-photos-facebook_n_1646499.html.

112
     Clifford Nass, “Is Facebook Stunting Your Child’s Growth?,”
Pacific Standard
, April 23, 2012, www.psmag.com/culture/is-facebook-stunting-your-childs-growth-40577/.

113
     Zeilinger, 157–8.

114
     American Psychological Association, “Sexualization of Girls is Linked to Common Mental Health Problems in Girls and Women—Eating Disorders, Low Self-Esteem, and Depression; An APA Task Force Reports,” press release, February 19, 2007, www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2007/02/sexualization.aspx.

115
     Donna Freitas,
The End of Sex: How Hookup Culture Is Leaving a Generation Unhappy, Sexually Unfulfilled, and Confused About Intimacy
(New York: Basic Books, 2013), 81.

116
     Ibid., 85.

117
     Elizabeth L. Cline,
Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion
(New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2012), 101.

118
     Samantha M. Goodwin, Alyssa Van Denburg, Sarah K. Murnen, and Linda Smolak, “‘Putting On’ Sexiness: A Content Analysis of the Presence of Sexualizing Characteristics in Girls’ Clothing,”
Sex Roles
65, no. 1 (May 2011): 1–12, http://web.mit.edu/end_violence/docs/sexualizing-girls-clothing.pdf.

119
     Daniel Watterberg, “Online Backlash Grows Against Victoria’s Secret Racy Bright Young Things Collection for Teens,”
Washington Times,
March 28, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/28/online-backlash-grows-against-victorias-secret-rac/.

120
     Christina M. Kelly, “One-Third of Tween Clothes are Sexy, Study Finds,” Today.com, May 19, 2011, http://www.today.com/id/43081000/ns/today-today_health/t/one-third-tween-clothes-are-sexy-study-finds/#.U_IYGLxdfKk.

121
     Goodwin et al, “‘Putting on’ Sexiness,” 3.

122
     Jill, no last name, “Students at Stuyvesant Take Issue with Dress Code,”
Feministe,
May 28, 2012, http://www.feministe.us/blog/archives/2012/05/28/students-at-stuyvesant-take-issue-with-dress-code/.

123
     “Students Complain About New Dress Code at Stuyvesant,”
SchoolBook,
May 25, 2012, http://www.wnyc.org/story/302323-students-complain-about-new-dress-code-at-stuyvesant/. Students’ comments about the dress code had been compiled by Tiffany Phan and published online in the
Stuyvesant Spectator
, the school’s newspaper, on April 27, 2012, with the title “Redress the Dress Code,” but that page is no longer active on the
Stuyvesant Spectator
’s website.

124
     Jessica Valenti, “Targeting ‘Slutty’ Students,”
The Nation
, June 8, 2012, www.thenation.com/blog/168298/targeting-slutty-students.

125
     Ruth La Ferla, “Fit for a First Lady,”
New York Times
, December 24, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/12/26/fashion/Chirlane-McCray-New-York-City-Bill-de-Blasio-wife-Anni-Kuan.html.

126
     Amy Harmon, “Internet Gives Teenage Bullies Weapons to Wound From Afar,”
New York Times
, August 26, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/08/26/us/internet-gives-teenage-bullies-weapons-to-wound-from-afar.html.

127
     Dena Sacco, Rebecca Argudin, James Maguire, and Kelly Tallon,
Sexting: Youth Practices and Legal Implications
, Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2010–8, June 22, 2010, 4–6, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1661343.

128
     danah boyd, “Teen Sexting and Its Impact on the Tech Industry” (talk given at the Read Write Web 2WAY Conference, New York, June 13, 2011), www.danah.org/papers/talks/2011/RWW2011.html.

129
     J. J. Colao, “In Less Than Two Years, Snapchat Is an $860 Million Company,”
Forbes
, June 24, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/jjcolao/2013/06/24/snapchat-raises-60-million-from-ivp-at-800-million-valuation/.

130
     LiJia Gong and Alina Hoffman, “Sexting and Slut-Shaming: Why Prosecution of Teen Self-Sexters Harms Women,”
The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law
13, no. 2 (Annual Review 2012): 578.

131
     “2012 Sexting Legislation,” National Conference of State Legislatures, December 14, 2012, www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/sexting-legislation-2012.aspx.

132
     Ibid., 577–589.

133
     Ibid., 579.

134
     Ibid.

135
     Jessica Ringrose, Rosalind Gill, Sonia Livingstone, and Laura Harvey, “A Qualitative Study of Children, Young People and ‘Sexting,’” National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (UK), May 2012, http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/resourcesforprofessionals/sexualabuse/sexting-research_wda89260.html, 54.

136
     Lawrence B. Finer and Jesse M. Philbin, “Sexual Initiation, Contraceptive Use, and Pregnancy Among Young Adolescents,”
Pediatrics
131, no. 5 (May 2013): http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/03/27/peds.2012-3495.full.pdf+html. The authors are affiliated with the Guttmacher Institute.

137
     Caroline Heldman and Lisa Wade, “Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda,”
Sexuality Research and Social Policy
7, no. 4 (December 2010): 323.

138
     Ibid.

139
     Kate Taylor, “Sex on Campus: She Can Play That Game, Too,”
New York Times
, July 12, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/fashion/sex-on-campus-she-can-play-that-game-too.html.

140
     Anna Latimer, “I Used to Give Out Sex Like Gold Star Stickers (And I’m Glad I Did),”
xoJane
(blog), January 15, 2013, www.xojane.com/sex/i-used-to-give-out-sex-like-gold-star-stickers-and-im-glad-i-did.

141
     Zeilinger,
A Little F’d Up
, 213.

142
     Ibid., 215.

143
     Ibid., 213.

144
     Taylor, “Sex on Campus.”

145
     Rachael D. Robnett and Campbell Leaper, “‘Girls Don’t Propose! Eew.’: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Marriage Tradition Preferences and Benevolent Sexism in Emerging Adults,”
Journal of Adolescent Research
28, no. 1 (January 2013): 96–121.

146
     Ibid., 100.

147
     Ibid., 113.

148
     Ibid., 115.

149
     Freitas,
End of Sex
, 44.

150
     Taylor, “Sex on Campus.”

151
     Deborah L. Tolman,
Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk about Sexuality
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 2.

152
     Ibid., 3.

153
     Ibid., 22.

154
     Taylor, “Sex on Campus.”

155
     Natalie Kitroeff, “In Hookups, Inequality Still Reigns,”
New York Times
, November 12, 2013, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/women-find-orgasms-elusive-in-hookups/.

156
     Ibid.

157
     Taylor, “Sex on Campus.”

158
     Christopher P. Krebs, Christine H. Lindquist, Tara D. Warner, Bonnie S. Fisher, Sandra L. Martin,
The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study
(National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice, October 2007), www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf.

159
     William F. Flack Jr. et al., “‘The Red Zone’: Temporal Risk for Unwanted Sex Among College Students,”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
23, no. 9 (September 2008): 1184.