How to Live (60 page)
Authors: Sarah Bakewell
Montaigne Studies
Nakam, G.,
Montaigne et son temps: les événements et les
Essais (Paris: Nizet, 1982).——Les
Essais
de Montaigne: mirroir et procès de leur temps
(Paris: Nizet, 1984).——Le dernier Montaigne
(Paris: H. Champion, 2002).Nietzsche, F.,
Untimely Meditations
, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). (Translation of
Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen
, 1876)——Human, All Too Human
, tr. M. Faber and S. Lehmann (London: Penguin, 1994). (Translation of
Menschliches, allzu menschliches
, 1878)——Daybreak
, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). (Translation of
Morgenröte
, 1881)——The Gay Science
, tr. W. Kaufman (New York: Random House, 1991). Translation of
Die fröhliche
Wissenschaft
, 1882)Nussbaum, M. C.,
The Therapy of Desire
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).O’Brien, J., “Are we reading what Montaigne wrote?”
French Studies
, 58 (2004), 527–532.Pascal, B.,
Pensées and Other Writings
, tr. A. and H. Levi (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1999).Pasquier, E.,
Choix de lettres
, ed. D. Thickett (Geneva: Droz, 1956).——Lettres historiques pour les années 1556–1594
, ed. D. Thickett (Geneva: Droz, 1966).Plato,
Symposium
, tr. W. Hamilton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951).Plutarch,
Moralia
, tr. W. C. Helmbold. Loeb edn (London: W. Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936–57).Popkin, R.,
The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).Pouilloux, J-Y.,
Lire les
Essais
de Montaigne
(Paris: Maspero, 1970).Quint, D.,
Montaigne and the Quality of Mercy: Ethical and Political Themes in the
Essais (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).Rabelais, F.,
The Complete Works
, tr. J. Le Clerc (New York: The Modern Library, 1944).Raemond, F. de,
Erreur populaire de la papesse Jane
, 2nd edn (Bordeaux: S. Millanges, 1594).——L’Antichrist
(Lyon: Jean Pillehotte, 1597).Rigolot, F.
Les Métamorphoses de Montaigne
(Paris: PUF, 1988).Rousseau, J-J.,
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
, tr. F. Philip, ed. P. Coleman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). (Translation of
Discours sur l’origin et les fondaments de l’inégalité parmi les hommes
, 1755)——Émile
, tr. Allan Bloom (London: Penguin, 1991). (Translation of
Émile
, 1762)——Confessions
, tr. A. Scholar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). (Translation of
Les Confessions
, 1782)Sayce, R. A.,
The Essays of Montaigne: A Critical Exploration
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972).Sayce, R. A. and Maskell, D.,
A Descriptive Bibliography of Montaigne’s
Essais
1580–1700
. (London: Bibliographical Society & Modern Humanities Research Association, 1983).Schaefer, D. L.,
The Political Philosophy of Montaigne
(Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1990).——(ed.),
Freedom Over Servitude: Montaigne, La Boétie, and
On Voluntary Servitude (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998).Screech, M. A.,
Montaigne and Melancholy
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991).Seneca,
Ad Lucilium epistulae morales [Letters to Lucilius]
, tr. Richard M. Gummere. Loeb edn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: W. Heinemann, 1917–25).——Dialogues and Letters
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2005).Sextus Empiricus,
Outlines of Skepticism
, ed. J. Annas and J. Barnes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Smith, M. C.,
Montaigne and Religious Freedom: The Dawn of Pluralism
(Geneva: Droz, 1991).Starobinski, J.,
Montaigne in Motion
, tr. A. Goldhammer (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985). (Translation of
Montaigne en mouvement
, 1982)Sterling, J., “Montaigne and his Essays,”
London and Westminster Review
, 29 (1838), 321–352.Supple, J. J.,
Arms versus Letters: The Military and Literary Ideals in the
Essais
of Montaigne
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).Tetel, A. (ed.),
Montaigne et Marie de Gournay: actes du colloque international de Duke
(Paris: H. Champion, 1997).Thevet, A.,
Les Singularitez de la France antarctique
(Paris: Les heretiers de Maurice de la Porte, 1557).Tilley, A., “Montaigne’s interpreters,” in his
Studies in the French Renaissance
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 259–293.Trinquet, R.,
La Jeunesse de Montaigne
(Paris: Nizet, 1972).Villey, P.,
Les Sources et l’évolution des
Essais
de Montaigne
(Paris: Hachette, 1933).——Montaigne devant la postérité
(Paris: Boivin, 1935).Willett, L., “Romantic Renaissance in Montaigne’s chapel,” in Yannick Portebois and Nicholas Terpstra (eds),
The Renaissance in the Nineteenth Century—Le XIXe Siècle renaissant
(Toronto: Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2003), 217–240.Woolf, L.,
The Journey Not the Arrival Matters
(London: Hogarth, 1969).Woolf, V.,
The Diary of Virginia Woolf
, ed. A. Oliver Bell (London: Penguin, 1980–85).——“Montaigne,” in
Essays
, ed. A. McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1986–), IV: 71–81.Yates, F.A.,
John Florio: The Life of an Italian in Shakespeare’s England
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934).Zweig, S.,
The World of Yesterday
(Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1943).——“Montaigne,” in
Europöisches Erbe
, ed. R. Friedenthal (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1960), 7–81.
prf.1
F. Quesnel,
Montaigne
, ca. 1588. Photographic copy of pencil drawing in private collection. Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library. This is the most authentic known likeness of Montaigne.
prf.2
Salvador Dalí, illustration to “Of Thumbs” in his edition of Montaigne,
Essais
(New York: Doubleday, 1947), p. 161. © Salvador Dalí, Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation, DACS, London 2009.
prf.3
Montaigne,
Essais
(Bordeaux: S. Millanges, 1580).
prf.4
Anonymous,
Montaigne
, ca. 1590. Oil on copper. Private collection.
1.1
Dance of death, from H. Schedel,
Nuremberg Chronicle
, f. CCLXIIIIv. Morse Library, Beloit College.
1.2
The Dordogne and Périgord regions of France. Map by Sandra Oakins.
1.3
A. Alciato,
Emblemata
(Padua: P. P. Tozzi, 1621). Emblem LXXXIII: In facile à virtute desciscentes (“easily deflected from the right course”), showing a remora holding back a ship. Wellcome Library, London.
2.1
Château de Montaigne. From F. Strowski,
Montaigne
(Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938). Montaigne’s tower is at the bottom left.
2.2
Panoramic view of Montaigne’s library. Photograph by John Stafford.
2.3
Roof beams from Montaigne’s library. Photograph by Sarah Bakewell.
2.4
A. Dürer,
Le branle
, 1514. Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée du Petit-Palais, France/ Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
3.1
Wine label of the Château Michel de Montaigne. Photograph by John Stafford.
3.2
Sixteenth-century gymnasts, from A. Tuccaro,
Trois dialogues de l’exercice de sauter et voltiger en l’air
(Paris: C. de Monstr’oeil, 1599).
3.3
Andrew, Adolphe Best, Isidore Leloir,
Le Réveil de Montaigne enfant
, from
Musée des Familles, Lectures du soir
, VI (Jan. 1840), p. 100.
3.4
F. de Belle-Forest,
Le Vif pourtrait de la Cité de Bordeaux
, 1575. Bibliothèque nationale de France.
4.1
Hermaphroditus, and Rhodope and Hemo, from Ovid, tr. L. Dolce,
Le Trasformationi
(Venice: G. Giolito de Ferrari, 1561)
4.2
The reading fool, by A. Dürer, from S. Brant,
Narrenschiff
(Basel: J. Bergmann von Olpe, 1494).
4.3
Blaise de Monluc. Frontispiece to his
The Commentaries
(London: H. Brome, 1674).
5.1
The “Bordeaux Copy” of Montaigne’s
Essais
(Paris: A. L’Angelier, 1588), v. I, fol. 71v., showing Montaigne’s marginal addition: “qu’en respondant: parce que cestoit luy parce que c’estoit moy” (“except by answering: Because it was he, because it was I”).
Reproduction en quadrichromie de l’Exemplaire de Bordeaux des
Essais
de Montaigne
, ed. Philippe Desan (Fasano-Chicago: Schena Editore, Montaigne Studies 2002).
6.1
Seneca. Marble bust. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library.
6.2
Epicurus. Stone bust. Greek Museo Capitolano, Rome, Italy/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
7.1
Montaigne’s medal or
jeton
. The only copy is in a private collection; drawing by Sarah Bakewell based on a photograph in M.-L. Demonet,
A Plaisir
(Orléans: Editions Paradigme, 2002).
7.2
Octopus, from G. Rondelet,
Libri de piscibus marinis
(Leyden, Bonhomme, 1555). Wellcome Library, London.
7.3
A. Ditchfield,
Montaigne et sa chatte
, ca. 1867. Aquatint. Bibliothèque nationale de France.
7.4
F. Delpech,
Blaise Pascal
, 19th century. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library.
8.1
Entry recording death of Montaigne’s child Thoinette, from M. Beuther,
Ephemeris historica
(Paris: Fezandat, 1551), Montaigne’s copy, page for June 28. Bibliothèque municipale de Bordeaux.
10.1
Tupinambá Indians in 1552, by T. de Bry, from J. L. Gottfried,
Newe Welt und Americanische Historien
(Frankfurt: M. Merian, 1631). Private Collection/The Stapleton Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
10.2
A defiant prisoner among the Tupinambá, from M. Léry,
Histoire d’une voyage
(Paris: A. Chuppin, 1580).
11.1
L. Le Coeur,
Montaigne
, 1789. Aquatint, from
Galerie universelle des hommes qui se sont illustrés dans l’Empire des lettres, depuis le siècle de Léon X jusqu’à nos jours
(Paris: Bailly, 1787–1789). Montaigne as windswept Romantic.
11.2
Montaigne’s visit to Tasso in Ferrara. Lithograph by P. J. Challamel after Louis Gallait’s painting
Le Tasse visité dans sa prison par Montaigne
(1836), in
Revue des peintres
(1837), no. 208.
12.1
F. Dubois, St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, August 24, 1572. Oil on panel. Musée d’Archéologie et d’Histoire, Lausanne, Switzerland/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.2
Charles IX’s medal depicting the St. Bartholomew’s massacres as a defeat of the Hydra. N. Favyer,
Figure et exposition des pourtraictz et dictons contenuz es medailles de la conspiration des rebelles en France
(Paris: J. Dallier, 1572).
12.3
Heaven and Hell
, engraving by H. Cock after J. de Mantua, 1565. Private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.4
Henri III. Frontispiece to A. Thevet,
Les vrais pourtraits et vies des hommes illustres
(Paris: La veuve I. Kervert & G. Chaudière, 1584). Mary Evans Picture Library.
12.5
A band of flagellants, from
The Chronicles of Chivalry
, 1583. Engraving. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library.
12.6
Stefan Zweig, c. 1925. Photograph by Trude Fleischmann. International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.
13.1
A harpy, or monstrous figure. 18th century engraving. Private Collection/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library.
14.1
Kidney stone fragments. Photograph by Herringlab.
14.2
Baths at Leuk, Switzerland, from S. Münster & F. Belle-forest,
Cosmographie universelle
(Paris: N. Chesneau, 1575). Wellcome Library, London.
14.3
Baths at Plombières, France, 19th century copy of woodcut from J. J. Huggelin,
Von heilsamen Bädern des Teütschelands
(Strasbourg, 1559). Wellcome Library, London.
14.4
Map of Montaigne’s travels in 1580–1581. Map by Sandra Oakins.
14.5
Colosseum and unidentified ruin, from H. Cock,
Praecipua aliquot Romanae antiquitatis ruinarum monimenta, vivis prospectibus, ad veri imitationem affabre designata
(Antwerp: H. Cock, 1551). University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.
15.1
Henri of Navarre (Henri IV), by T. de Bry, 1589. Private collection/The Stapleton Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
15.2
Diane d’Andouins, Countess of Gramont, known as “Corisande.” 19th century. Engraving after Melchior Péronard. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library.
15.3
Assassination of the Duc de Guise, from J. Boucher,
La vie et faits notables de Henri de Valois
(Paris: Didier Millot, 1589).
16.1
John Florio. Frontispiece to his
Queen Anna’s New World of Words
(London: E. Blount & W. Barrett, 1611).