Homo Mysterious: Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Nature (22 page)

Read Homo Mysterious: Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Nature Online

Authors: David P. Barash

Tags: #Non-Fiction, #Science, #21st Century, #Anthropology, #v.5, #Amazon.com, #Retail, #Cultural History, #Cultural Anthropology

BOOK: Homo Mysterious: Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Nature
2.51Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

4
. For example, Rahman, Q., & Hull, M. S. (2005). An empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,
461–467.

5
. Williams, G. C. (1975).
Sex and evolution
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

6
. Stokes, J. P., Damon, W., & McKirnan, D. J. (1997). Predictors of movement toward homosexuality: A longitudinal study of bisexual men.
Journal of Sex Research, 34,
304–312; Worthington, R. L., & Reynolds, A. L. (2009). Within-group differences in sexual orientation and identity.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56,
44–55.

7
. Whitam, F. L. (1983). Culturally invariable properties of male homosexuality: Tentative conclusions from cross-cultural research.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12,
207–226.

8
. Quoted by Kennedy, H. (1997). Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First theorist of homosexuality. In V. Rosario (Ed.),
Science and homosexualities.
New York: Routledge.

9
. Friedman, R. C., & Downey, J. I. (1998). Psychoanalysis and the model of homosexuality as psychopathology: A historical overview.
American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58,
249–270.

10
. Freud, S. (1915). Addendum to
Three Essays on Sexuality
(1905).
Standard Edition, 7,
123–246.

11
. Zenchak, J. J., Anderson, G. C., & Schein, M. (1981). Sexual partner preference of adult rams (
Ovis aries
) as affected by social experiences during rearing.
Applied Animal Ethology, 7,
157–167.

12
. Poiani, A. (2010).
Animal homosexuality: A biosocial perspective
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

13
. Friedman, R. C. (1988).
Male homosexuality.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

14
. Wolfe, L. (1979). Behavioral patterns of estrous females of the Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques (
Macaca fuscata
).
Primates, 20
(4), 525–534.

15
. Bagemihl, B. (2000).
Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity.
New York: Stonewall Inn Editions (St. Martin’s Press).

16
. Zuk, M. (2006). Family values in black and white.
Nature, 439,
917.

17
. For example, Grosjean, Y., Grillet, M., Augustin, H., Ferveur, J. F., & Featherstone, D. E. (2008). A glial amino-acid transporter controls synapse strength and courtship in Drosophila.
Nature and Neuroscience, 11,
54–61; Liu, T., Dartevelle, L., Chunyan, Y., Homgping, W., Wang, Y., Ferveur, J-F., & Guo, A. (2008). Increased dopamine level enhances male–male courtship in Drosophila.
Journal of Neuroscience, 28,
5539–5546; Kurtovic, A., Widmer, A., & Dickson, B. J. (2007). A single class of olfactory neurons mediates behavioural responses to a Drosophila sex pheromone.
Nature, 446,
542–546.

18
. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.
Science, 261,
321–327.

19
. Rice, G., et al. (1999). Male homosexuality: Absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28.
Science, 284,
665–667.

20
. Bocklandt, S., et al. (2006). Extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of homosexual men.
Human Genetics, 118,
691–694.

21
. Hu, S., Pattatucci, A. M., Patterson, C., et al. (1995). Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females.
Nature Genetics, 11,
248–256.

22
. Mustanski, B. S., Dupree, M. G., Nievergelt, C. M., Bocklandt, S., Schork, N. J., & Hamer, D. H. (2005). A genomewide scan of male sexual orientation.
Human Genetics, 116,
272–278.

23
. Poiani, A. (2010).
Animal homosexuality: A biosocial perspective
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

24
. Eckert, E. D., Bouchard, T. J., Bohlen, J., & Heston, L. L. (1986). Homosexuality in monozygotic twins reared apart.
British Journal of Psychiatry, 148,
421–425.

25
. Whitam, F. L., Diamond, M., & Martin, J. (1993). Homosexual orientation in twins: A report on 61 pairs and three triplet sets.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22,
187–206; Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C., & Agyei, U. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 50,
217–223.

26
. Bearman, P. S., & Brückner, J. (2002). Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction.
American Journal of Sociology, 107,
1179–1205.

27
. Pillard, R. C., & Bailey, J. M. (1998). Human sexual orientation has a heritable component.
Human Biology, 70,
347–365.

28
. For example, Throckmorton, W. (1998). Attempts to modify sexual orientation: A review of outcome literature and ethical issues.
Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20,
283–304.

29
. Barash, D. P. (2003).
Revolutionary biology: The new, gene-centered view of life
. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

30
. Wilson, E. O. (1975).
Sociobiology, the modern synthesis
. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press; Wilson, E. O. (1978).
On human nature
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

31
. Bobrow, D., & Bailey, J. M. (2001). Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection?
Evolution and Human Behavior, 22,
361–368.

32
. Rahman, Q., & Hull, M. S. (2005). An empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,
461–467.

33
. Ruse, M. (1982). Are there gay genes? Sociobiology and homosexuality.
Journal of Homosexuality
,
6,
5–34.

34
. Vasey, P. L., Pocock, D. S., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2007). Kin selection and male androphilia in Samoan fla’afaline.
Evolution and Human Behavior, 28,
159–167; Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2009). Materteral and avuncular tendencies in Samoa: A comparative study of women, men and
fa’afafine
.
Human Nature, 20,
269–281.

35
. Hrdy, S. B. (2009).
Mothers and others
. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

36
. Cook, M. (1996). A role for homosexuality in population genetics.
Evolutionary Theory, 11,
135–151.

37
. Kirby, J. (2003). A new group selection model for the evolution of homosexuality.
Biology and Philosophy, 18,
683–694.

38
. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism.
Quarterly Review of Biology, 46,
35–57.

39
. Wilkinson, G. S. (1984). Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat.
Nature, 308,
181–184.

40
. I believe that the first proposal along these lines was by the renowned ecologist Hutchinson, G. E. (1959). Homage to Santa Rosalia, or, why are there so many kinds of animals?
The American Naturalist, 93,
145–156.

41
. Gavrilets, S., & Rice, W. R. (2006). Genetic models of homosexuality: generating testable predictions.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 273,
3031–3038.

42
. Zhang, X.-S., & Hill, W. G. (2005). Genetic variability under mutation selection balance.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20,
468–470.

43
. Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2000). The evolution of human homosexual behavior.
Current Anthropology, 41,
385–413.

44
. Diamond, M. (2008).
Sexual fluidity: Understanding women’s love and desire.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

45
. Kinnish, K. K., Strassberg, D. S., & Turner, C. W. (2005). Sex differences in the flexibility of sexual orientation: A multidimensional retrospective assessment.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,
173–183.

46
. Santila, P., Sandnabba, N. K., & Harlaar, N. (2008). Potential for homosexual response is prevalent and genetic.
Biological Psychology, 77,
102–105.

47
. Numerous references in Poiani, A. (2010).
Animal homosexuality: A biosocial perspective
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

48
. Dewar, C. S. (2003). An association between male homosexuality and reproductive success.
Medical Hypotheses, 60,
225–232.

49
. Willmott, M., & Brierley, H. (1984). Cognitive characteristics and homosexuality.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13
(4), 311–319; Wegesin, D. J. (1998). A neuropsychologic profile of homosexual and heterosexual men and women.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27
(1), 91–108; Sanders G. (1997). Sexual orientation differences in cerebral asymmetry and in the performance of sexually dimorphic cognitive and motor tasks.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26
(5), 663–680.

50
. Dewar, C. S. (2003). An association between male homosexuality and reproductive success.
Medical Hypotheses, 60,
225–232.

51
. Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I. (1989). The socialisation of homosexuality and heterosexuality in a non-Western society.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18
(1), 13–29; Callender, C., & Kochems, L. M. (1985). Men and not-men: Gender-mixing statuses and homosexuality.
Journal of Homosexuality, 11
(3–4), 165–178.

52
. Iemmola, F., & Camperio-Ciani, A. (2009). New evidence of genetic factors influencing orientation in men: Female fecundity increase in the maternal line.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38,
393–399.

53
. Zietsch, B. P., Morley, K., & Shekar, S. N. (2008). Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals.
Evolution and Human Behavior, 29,
424–433; Camperio-Ciani, F., Corna, & Capiluppi, C. (2004). Evidence for maternally inherited factors favouring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 271,
2217–2221.

54
. Muscarella, F., Fink, B., Grammer, K., & Kirk-Smith, M. (2001). Homosexual orientation in males: Evolutionary and ethological aspects.
Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22,
393–400.

55
. Mann, J. (2006). Establishing trust: Socio-sexual behaviour and the development of male-male bonds among Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.),
Homosexual behaviour in animals.
Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

56
. Wickler, W. (1967). Socio-sexual signals and their intraspecific imitation among primates. In D. Morris (Ed.),
Primate ethology
. Chicago: Aldine.

57
. De Waal, F. B. M. (1997).
Bonobo: The forgotten ape.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; Hohmann, G., & Fruth, B. (2003). Intra- and inter-sexual aggression by bonobos in the context of mating.
Behaviour, 140,
1389–1413.

58
. Vasey, P. L. (2004). Pre- and postconflict interactions between female Japanese macaques during homosexual consortships.
International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 17,
351–359.

59
. Vasey, P. L. (2002). Same-sex partner preference in hormonally and neurologically unmanipulated animals.
Annual Review of Sex Research, 13,
141–179.

60
. Vasey, P. L., & Gauthier, C. (2000). Skewed sex ratios and female homosexual activity in Japanese macaque: An experimental analysis.
Primates, 41
, 17–25.

61
. MacRoberts, M. H., & MacRoberts, B. R. (1976). Social organization and behavior of the acorn woodpecker in central coastal California.
Ornithology Monographs (American Ornithologists’ Union), 21

62
. Vervaecke, H., & Roden, C. (2006). Going with the herd: Same-sex interaction and competition in American bison. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.),
Homosexual behaviour in animals.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

63
. Preston-Mafham, K. (2006). Post-mounting courtship and the neutralizing of male competitors through “homosexual” mountings in the fly
Hydromyza livens
F. (Diptera: Scatophagidae).
Journal of Natural History, 40,
101–105.

Other books

The Treacherous Teddy by John J. Lamb
Deadlands by Lily Herne
LEGACY BETRAYED by Rachel Eastwood
The Golden Eagle Mystery by Ellery Queen Jr.
Play It Again by Ashley Stoyanoff
Waking Storms by Sarah Porter
The Ashes by John Miller
Game Store Mystery by Gertrude Chandler Warner