Hitler's British Slaves
Read Hitler's British Slaves Online
Authors: Sean Longden
Tags: #History, #Europe, #Military, #World War II
SEAN LONGDEN
studied East European history at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. After graduation he worked in photographic archives and press agencies. His first book,
To the Victor the Spoils
, will be published this year by Constable and Robinson Ltd. He is married with two children and lives in Surrey.
Also by Sean Longden
To the Victor the Spoils
Constable & Robinson Ltd
3 The Lanchesters
162 Fulham Palace Road
London W6 9ER
www.constablerobinson.com
First published in hardback in the UK by Arris Books,
an imprint of Arris Publishing Ltd 2005
This paperback edition published in the UK by Constable,
an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd 2007
Text copyright © Sean Longden 2005
Map by John Taylor
The right of Sean Longden to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
All rights reserved. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
A copy of the British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-84529-519-6
eISBN 978-1-47210-359-8
Printed and bound in the EU
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
Map of wartime Europe showing locations of the main stalags
2 Abandon Hope All Ye Who Enter Here
7 Danger, Disease, Decay and Death
List of illustrations
[1] British Paratroopers of the 6
th
Airborne Division. Courtesy of the author.
[2] British and Commonwealth troops assembled in Cyrencia. Red Cross.
[3] Prisoners washing outdoors at a camp in Germany. Imperial War Museum HU23387.
[4] The squalid conditions within overcrowded huts that were home to Indian POWs at a working camp in Germany. National Archive.
[5] Prisoners at a mine in Silesia. Red Cross.
[6] A group of prisoners posing for a photograph at the entrance to a salt mine. Red Cross.
[7] Prisoners loading wagons with earth. Imperial War Museum HU9210.
[8] Prisoners in front of a vast wall of rock at a German quarry. Red Cross.
[9] A boxing match for prisoners at Stalag XXa at Thorn. Red Cross.
[10] A group of British prisoners of war. Red Cross.
[11] A group of British prisoners on ‘pick and shovel duties’ at a ‘Bau und Abeitsbataillion’. Red Cross.
[12] Prisoners collecting Red Cross parcels at Stalag XXb in the winter of 1940. Imperial War Museum HU5710.
[13] Red Cross parcels in storage at a warehouse in Portugal. Imperial War Museum AP14800B.
[14] Prisoners clearing a 20 foot snowdrift at Krima in March 1944. Imperial War Museum.
[15] Prisoners working to unload railway wagons in a German goods yard. Red Cross.
[16] POWs cooking their midday meal at a working party. Red Cross.
[17] Many prisoners were employed to level ground for German building or transport projects. Red Cross.
[18] Lack of mechanised transport meant prisoners were forced to carry out many tasks by hand. Red Cross.
[19] POWs learned many new skills whilst employed on farms. Red Cross.
[20] As the years passed, those men employed on farms established close relationships with local families. Red Cross.
[21] Forestry work was heavy and tiring for the prisoners, but at least they worked in the fresh air. Red Cross.
[22] Harvest time saw many prisoners working from sunrise to sunset, in all conditions, to ensure the crops could be gathered. Red Cross.
[23] In spring 1945 prisoners in Stalag Xlb at Fallingbostel were forced to break up their huts for firewood. Imperial War Museum BU3867.
[24] In the latter stages of the war conditions within the Stalags and work camps deteriorated as more and more prisoners were crammed ‘behind the wire’. National Archive.
[25] As prisoners were evacuated westwards many camps became overcrowded, forcing the men to be housed within hastily erected tents. National Archive.
[26] By the time the camps were liberated many prisoners were suffering from malnutrition. Imperial War Museum BU3866.
[27] Guardsman Thompson of Palmers Green in North London. Imperial War Museum BU4086.
[28] Starvation and disease were not the only dangers faced by the prisoners. Red Cross.
[29] The kitchen in the Stalag hospital where Bryan Willoughby was treated. National Archive.
[30] Bryan Willoughby in 1940. Courtesy of the author.
[31] Bryan Willoughby in 2004 at Arnhem. Courtesy of the author.
[32] A group photo. Courtesy of the author.
[33] Gordon Barber photographed in 2005. Courtesy of the author.
[34] The house in Wermsdorf in which Sykes, suffering from dysentery and malnutrition, took shelter after escaping from a POW column in Spring 1945. Courtesy of the author.
[35] Sykes’ POW ID tag from Stalag XIIA. Courtesy of the author.
[36] Eighteen-year-old Eric ‘Bill’ Sykes. Courtesy of the author.
[37] Sykes in 1994. Courtesy of the author.
[38] Originally captioned ‘A Hero Comes Home to Devon’ the cheery atmosphere belied the reality of the homecoming for many ex-prisoners. Imperial War Museum CP12833F.
Acknowledgements
There are many people without whom this book would not have been possible. My thanks must go firstly to ‘Bill’ Sykes, the D-Day veteran and ex-POW whose thoughtful communications from his home in California contributed much to this book. Thanks must also be given to Les Allan, the founder of the National Ex-POW Association. Les has campaigned long and hard for the sufferings of European prisoners of war to be fully recognized by the British government. I only hope this book can help contribute to a wider understanding of the subject and possibly play some small part in their sufferings being acknowledged.
Gordon Barber and Ken Willats both provided vital details about life on farms in East Prussia. Even now, sixty years later, they remain close friends and helped colour this book with so many vivid tales. Bryan Willoughby kindly shared his tales of the battles in Arnhem and his subsequent experiences as a prisoner. Thanks must also go to Sandi Toksvig for inviting me onto her radio show to discuss my previous book,
To the Victor the Spoils
. This resulted in Alec Reynolds contacting me to tell his tales of working in the copper mines of the Third Reich. Thanks must also go to the wives of the men I interviewed, all of whom showed such great hospitality.
My thanks go to Maurice Newey, Kenneth Clarke, James Witte and Eric Laker, all of whom gave me permission to quote from their memoirs held in the Imperial War Museum. Thanks are also due to Mrs R. Eltringham, A.J. Richardson and Anne Turner who gave me permission to quote from the
memoirs of their fathers, also now held in the Imperial War Museum.
Thanks must also be given to the board and trustees of the Imperial War Museum, and to the staff in both the Department of Documents and in the photographic archive whose assistance was priceless. I must also extend my gratitude to Helen Pugh and Ipsita Mandal at the Red Cross who helped me access the albums of photographs taken by the Red Cross at the work camps and Stalags across occupied Europe. Many of these are included within this book. Bryan Willoughby, Gordon Barber and Bill Sykes also kindly allowed me to use their treasured photographs within the book. As ever the staff of the National Archives in Kew provided a highly efficient service in finding all the necessary documents. Thanks must also be given to the individual at the Ministry of Defence who decided that the POW debriefing questionnaires should finally be made available to the public. The release date was just in time for me to be able to include these documents in my research.
My thanks also go to Steve Cawthorne who contacted me following the publication of the hardback edition of this book. He informed me that his uncle William Slade was not killed whilst in captivity (originally cited in chapter 7). Instead, he and his comrades, Laurence Kavanagh and Norman Cullity, survived a firing squad. I apologise to Mr Cawthorne and his family for any hurt my error has caused and I wish to extend my gratitude to him for correcting my error.
I must also offer my gratitude to Geoff, Victoria, Bethan and Beth. Last, but not least, I must thank my wife Claire who has been so understanding when I spent so many hours sat in front of the computer.
Preface
‘Hitler’s British Slaves? That is the correct title, it’s a true description. A slave is someone who is made to work under threat to his life. If a slave tries to run away he is killed. He isn’t paid. He is at the will of his masters. It was the same for us. We were given a bowl of soup and some bread made from sawdust. If you didn’t do as you were told you were shot. Therefore it was slavery.’
Leslie Allan, founder of the National Ex-Prisoner of War Association.
There is an impression of World War Two prisoner of war camps that is forever engraved in the imagination of the public. In this mythologized version of events the camps are perceived as institutions whose atmosphere and conditions were like a mixture of a severe boarding school and a strict holiday camp. This was an image created by the books and films that emerged in the aftermath of war with their stereotypes later reinforced by television series and comedy shows. From Eric Williams’s classic tale
The Wooden Horse
, first published in 1949, through to the 2005 television drama
Colditz,
the public have been fed a stream of misleading information. These were tales of heroism, evasion and escape – of tunnels, expert lockpickers, forgers and masters of disguise. The image was fostered of resolutely middle class officers staging escapes with ‘devil may care’ bravery, anxious to get home ready for another ‘crack at the Hun’.
In this myth incarceration was an unwanted interruption to wartime service and escaping a matter of honour to be
approached with the levity of boarding school boys sneaking out of the dorm to indulge in a forbidden cigarette. Their clothes were clean, their hair groomed and their chins shaved. These were men who read books, produced plays, listened to camp orchestras, made themselves cricket nets from the string from Red Cross parcels and studied for professional exams.
This life did exist, it is part of the story but not the whole story. Missing from this story are the experiences of the vast mass of prisoners. In short, the mythical POW camp ignores all ranks except officers. Although the POW camp of fiction could be recognized by many former officer prisoners as a sanitized version of their experiences, for those other ranks unlucky enough to experience the Stalags and work camps little comparison could be made. Left out of this rosy picture of POW life are the men who toiled in the farms, factories and mines of the Reich – the men who swept the streets of German cities and cleared its bombsites. These were the men who marched hundreds of miles into captivity, who survived on starvation rations and faced casual violence from their guards. These forgotten men were forced to manufacture munitions for the enemy and were used as slave labour to build the factories of Auschwitz. Twelve-hour shifts, often seven days a week, were the norm. Watery soups and hard, dry bread was their diet. Often clad in rags and shod in clogs, the prisoners of war were the forced miners, builders, farm labourers and quarrymen of the Third Reich, slaves to Hitler’s dream of European domination.