Hidden Valley Road: Inside the Mind of an American Family (39 page)
Read Hidden Valley Road: Inside the Mind of an American Family Online
Authors: Robert Kolker
When the hospital first opened with about a dozen patients
:
Nell Mitchell,
The 13th Street Review,
7.
“We considered it a minor operation”
:
Mike Anton, “Colorado Routinely Sterilized the Mentally Ill Before 1960,”
Rocky Mountain News,
November 21, 1999.
By the 1950s, the hospital housed more than five thousand patients
:
Nell Mitchell,
The 13th Street Review,
47
.
“These are mostly psychopaths”
:
Telfer,
The Caretakers,
218.
85 A
New York Times
reviewer called
The Caretakers
a clarion call:
Frank G. Slaughter, “Life in a Snake-Pit,”
New York Times,
November 22, 1959.
a scathing thirty-page attack
:
“Pueblo Grand Jury Blasts State Hospital Program,”
Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph,
May 19, 1962.
“euphoric quietude”
:
M. Lacomme et al., “Obstetric Analgesia Potentiated by Associated Intravenous Dolosal with RP 4560,”
Bulletin de la Fédération des Sociétés de Gynécologie et d’Óbstetrique de Langue Française
4: (1952): 558–62, cited by Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia,”
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
22, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 62–78.
“chemical lobotomy”
:
H. Laborit and P. Huguenard, “L’hibernation artificielle par moyens pharmacodynamiques et physiques,”
Presse médicale
59 (1951): 1329, cited by Heinz E. Lehmann and Thomas A. Ban, “The History of the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia,”
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
42, no. 2 (March 1997): 152–62.
side effects
:
Theocharis Kyziridis, “Notes on the History of Schizophrenia,”
German Journal of Psychiatry
8, no. 3 (2005): 42–48.
Arvid Carlsson suggested that Thorazine
:
Arvid Carlsson and Maria L. Carlsson, “A Dopaminergic Deficit Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: The Path to Discovery,”
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
8, no. 1 (March 2006): 137–42.
known as the “dopamine hypothesis”
:
Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia.”
even better than Thorazine
:
S. Marc Breedlove, Neil V. Watson, and Mark R. Rosenzweig,
Biological Psychology,
5th ed. (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2007), 491.
“the existing mediocrity”
:
Sartre,
The Psychology of Imagination,
169, cited by Laing,
The Divided Self,
84–85.
schizophrenia was an act of self-preservation by a wounded soul
:
Laing,
The Divided Self,
73, 75, 77.
“lobotomies and tranquilizers”
:
Ibid., 12.
a way of playing possum…better to turn oneself into a stone
:
Ibid., 51.
sociologist Erving Goffman
:
McNally,
A Critical History of Schizophrenia,
149.
schizophrenics were almost like prophets
:
Arieti,
Interpretation of Schizophrenia,
125–26.
insanity was a concept wielded by the powerful against the disenfranchised
:
Szasz,
The Myth of Mental Illness,
188, 176.
a war of wits inside of an insane asylum
:
Kesey,
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
.
“secondary element”
:
Fromm-Reichmann, “On Loneliness” (posthumously published essay),
Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy,
328.
“If the human race survives”
:
Laing,
The Politics of Experience,
107.
called the family structure a metaphor for authoritarian society
:
Deleuze and Guattari,
Anti-Oedipus,
34–35.
The account of the Puerto Rico conference
comes from Rosenthal and Kety, eds.,
The Transmission of Schizophrenia
. Specific citations follow.
their study in Denmark
:
David Rosenthal, “Three Adoption Studies of Heredity in the Schizophrenic Disorders,”
International Journal of Mental Health
1, no. 1/2 (1972): 63–75.
a study that reached a very similar conclusion
:
Irving Gottesman and James Shields, “A Polygenic Theory of Schizophrenia,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
58, no. 1 (July 1, 1967): 199–205.
a childhood spent in chaos or poverty could be one cause
:
Melvin L. Kohn, “Social Class and Schizophrenia,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds.,
The Transmission of Schizophrenia,
156–57.
“embittered, aggressive and devoid of natural warmth”
:
Yrjö O. Alanen, “From the Mothers of Schizophrenic Patients to Interactional Family Dynamics,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds.,
The Transmission of Schizophrenia,
201, 205.
“he perceives very faulty nurturance”
:
Theodore Lidz, “The Family, Language, and the Transmission of Schizophrenia,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds.,
The Transmission of Schizophrenia,
175.
“white-shirted French duel”
:
David Rosenthal, “The Heredity-Environment Issue in Schizophrenia: Summary of the Conference and Present Status of Our Knowledge,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds.,
The Transmission of Schizophrenia,
413.
“warring camps”
:
David Reiss, “Competing Hypotheses and Warring Factions: Applying Knowledge of Schizophrenia,” first presented in 1970 and later published in
Schizophrenia Bulletin
8 (1974): 7–11.
“the case for heredity has held up convincingly”
:
Rosenthal, “The Heredity-Environment Issue in Schizophrenia,” 415.
“In the strictest sense, it is not schizophrenia that is inherited”
:
Ibid., 416.
a phone call from Noni’s boss’s wife
:
“Apparent Murder-Suicide of Lodi Girl, Boyfriend,”
Lodi News-Sentinel,
September 8, 1973.
In 1979, Wyatt’s team published research
:
Daniel Weinberger, E. Fuller Torrey, A. N. Neophytides, and R. J. Wyatt, “Lateral Cerebral Ventricular Enlargement in Chronic Schizophrenia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
36, no. 7 (July 1979): 735–39.
“In 1978, Gershon had coauthored”
:
R. O. Rieder and E. S. Gershon, “Genetic Strategies in Biological Psychiatry,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
35, no. 7 (July 1978): 866–73.
one of a handful of pharmacologists tapped by the CIA
:
“Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Effort to Control Behavior,”
New York Times,
August 2, 1977.
“holding tank”
:
Carl C. Pfeiffer, “Psychiatric Hospital vs. Brain Bio Center in Diagnosis of Biochemical Imbalances,”
Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry
5, no. 1 (1976): 28–34.
“There is a loud telepathic signal here”
:
Gaskin,
Volume One,
13.
six-foot-four
:
Jim Ricci, “Dream Dies on the Farm,”
Chicago Tribune,
October 2, 1986.
ex-Marine
:
“Why We Left the Farm,”
Whole Earth Review,
Winter 1985.
Monday Night Class
:
Ibid.
OUT
TO
SAVE
THE
WORLD
: Moretta,
The Hippies,
232.
paid nearly $120,000 for 1,700 acres
:
Ibid., 232.
the nation’s largest commune
:
National Science Foundation estimate, cited by Ricci, “Dream Dies on the Farm.”
a population of about 1,500 people
:
Moretta,
The Hippies,
236.
Stephen Gaskin was licensed
:
Ibid., 233.
preferring to marry two couples to one another
:
Ibid., 240.
wholehearted endorsement of tantric sex
:
Ibid.
bountiful supply of homegrown hallucinogenic mushrooms
:
Ibid., 242.
complain that all he had time for all day was settling everyone else’s conflicts
:
Gaskin,
Volume One,
11, 13, 14.
Gaskin controlled
:
Moretta,
The Hippies,
238.
“thirty dayers”
:
Stiriss,
Voluntary Peasants,
chapter 3, loc. 786, Kindle.
“A smart horse runs at the shadow of the whip”
:
Ibid.
“six-marriage”
:
Ibid.
Four babies or more
:
Ibid.
“a special kind of hippie”
:
Moretta,
The Hippies,
233.
Tibetan yogi Milarepa
:
Gaskin,
Volume One,
19–21.
“People who live by waterfalls don’t hear them”
:
Ibid., 13.
the Rock Tumbler
:
Moretta,
The Hippies,
240.
“constructive feedback
” for Farm members who were “on a trip”:
Stiriss,
Voluntary Peasants,
chapter 3, loc. 218, Kindle.
“vulnerability hypothesis”
:
Joseph Zubin and Bonnie Spring, “Vulnerability—A New View of Schizophrenia,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
86, no. 2 (April 1977): 103–26.
an update, or elaboration, of Irving Gottesman’s 1967 diathesis-stress hypothesis
:
Irving Gottesman and James Shields, “A Polygenic Theory of Schizophrenia,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
58, no. 1 (July 1, 1967): 199–205.
“an opportunity for vulnerability to germinate into disorder”
:
Zubin and Spring, “Vulnerability.”
“sensory gating”
:
Freedman,
The Madness Within Us,
35.
explanation for the schizophrenia experienced by John Nash
:
Robert Freedman, “Rethinking Schizophrenia—From the Beginning,” Lecture at the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, October 23, 2015.
the “pruning hypothesis”
:
Irwin Feinberg, “Schizophrenia: Caused by a Fault in Programmed Synaptic Elimination During Adolescence?,”
Journal of Psychiatric Research
17, no. 4 (1982–1983): 319–34.
“New imaging equipment”
:
Sandy Rovner, “The Split over Schizophrenia,”
Washington Post,
July 20, 1984.
a review of schizophrenogenic-mother research
:
Gordon Parker, “Re-Searching the Schizophrenogenic Mother,”
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
170, no. 8 (August 1982): 452–62.
a study of the case records of every patient
:
Anne Harrington, “The Fall of the Schizophrenogenic Mother,”
The Lancet
379, no. 9823 (April 2012): 1292–93.
“Frieda…embarked on a grand experiment”
:
Ann-Louise Silver, “Chestnut Lodge, Then and Now,”
Contemporary Psychoanalysis
33, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 227–49.
On
The Phil Donahue Show
:
Peter Carlson, “Thinking Outside the Box,”
Washington Post,
April 9, 2001.
“That’s the brain disease you are looking at”
:
Modrow,
How to Become a Schizophrenic
.
In a study published that same year
:
Daniel Weinberger and R. J. Wyatt, “Cerebral Ventricular Size: Biological Marker for Subtyping Chronic Schizophrenia,” in Earl Usdin and Israel Hanin, eds.,
Biological Markers in Psychiatry and Neurology.
New York: Pergamon Press, 1982: 505–12.
“Unfortunately there is a segment”
:
Modrow,
How to Become a Schizophrenic.
The latest DSM—the DSM-III
:
Seymour S. Kety, “What Is Schizophrenia?,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
8, no. 4 (1982): 597–600.
The delusional teenage girl did not have schizophrenia at all
:
Dava Sobel, “Schizophrenia in Popular Books: A Study Finds Too Much Hope,”
New York Times,
February 17, 1981.
In 1984, just before meeting the Galvins, he had studied
:
C. Siegel, M. Waldo, G. Mizner, L. E. Adler, and R. Freedman, “Deficits in Sensory Gating in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives. Evidence Obtained with Auditory Evoked Responses,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
41, no. 6 (June 1984): 607–12.
DeLisi used data from her families to confirm
:
L. E. DeLisi, L. R. Goldin, J. R. Hamovit, M. E. Maxwell, D. Kurtz, and E. S. Gershon, “A Family Study of the Association of Increased Ventricular Size with Schizophrenia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
43, no. 2 (February 1986): 148–53.
testing a possible link between schizophrenia and human leukocyte antigens
:
Lynn R. Goldin, Lynn E. DeLisi, and Elliot S. Gershon, “Relationship of HLA to Schizophrenia in 10 Nuclear Families,”
Psychiatry Research
20, no. 1 (January 1987): 69–77.
The first seemed to confirm
:
Sarah Henn, Nick Bass, Gail Shields, Timothy J. Crow, and Lynn E. DeLisi, “Affective Illness and Schizophrenia in Families with Multiple Schizophrenic Members: Independent Illnesses or Variant Gene(S)?,”
European Neuropsychopharmacology
5 (January 1995): 31–36.
The second failed to find a link between schizophrenia and bipolar illness
:
Lynn E. DeLisi, Ray Lofthouse, Thomas Lehner, Carla Morganti, Antonio Vita, Gail Shields, Nicholas Bass, Jurg Ott, and Timothy J. Crow, “Failure to Find a Chromosome 18 Pericentric Linkage in Families with Schizophrenia,”
American Journal of Medical Genetics
60, no. 6 (December 18, 1995): 532–34.
“I am not a firm believer in environment having an effect at all”
:
Jamie Talan, “Schizophrenia’s Secrets: ‘Hot Spots’ on Chromosomes Fuel Academic, Commercial Studies,”
New York
Newsday,
October 19, 1999.
“It is critical that we avoid premature disillusionment”
:
Kenneth S. Kendler and Scott R. Diehl, “The Genetics of Schizophrenia: A Current, Genetic-Epidemiologic Perspective,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
19, no. 2 (1993): 261–85.
“More than ninety percent of the relatives of schizophrenics”
:
Deborah M. Barnes and Constance Holden, “Biological Issues in Schizophrenia,”
Science,
January 23, 1987.
The odds of siblings in the same family
:
Gottesman,
Schizophrenia Genesis,
102–3.
about ten times the chance
:
Kevin Mitchell,
Innate
, 221.
higher, even, than heart disease or diabetes
:
Ibid.
The hippocampi of the brains…were smaller
:
R. L. Suddath, G. W. Christison, E. F. Torrey, M. F. Casanova, and D. R. Weinberger, “Anatomical Abnormalities in the Brains of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia,”
The New England Journal of Medicine
322, no. 12 (March 22, 1990): 789–94.
In 1987, Weinberger published a theory
:
Daniel R. Weinberger, “Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
44, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 660.
what he called the “epigenetic landscape”
:
Weinberger and Harrison,
Schizophrenia,
400.
“The risk is passed on”
:
Kevin Mitchell,
Innate, 75.